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  • 1

    推荐序

    一位耄耋老人的良知与责任 朱民 国家金融研究院院长 国际货币基金组织前副总裁 2017年底,我去纽约参加20国集团名人小组会议,也去看望了我的老师保罗·沃尔克。2016年8月,我从国际货币基金组织卸任,一晃眼,已有一年多没有见他了。我请他和他夫人安克在他家附近的一家餐馆就餐。他一进门,我就迎上去和他打招呼。他很高兴,看上去精神矍铄。他坐下后,朝我眨眨眼说:“

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  • 2

    译者序

    徐忠 中国人民银行研究局局长 2018年10月,尚在病榻上的保罗·沃尔克出版了这部著作。对于一位出生于1927年“大萧条”前夜、已是91岁高龄的智者,这本书必然是对自己毕生经历、理想、信念、追求甚至遗憾的全面追忆和总结,自然也会披露一些此前没有提及或是不愿提及的细节、逸事。出于好奇,译者第一时间阅读了英文版Keeping At It : The Quest

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  • 3

    中文版作者序

    保罗·沃尔克 大约40年前,在我成为美国联邦储备理事会主席后不久,中国政府邀请我访问北京等地。 这是一次让人难忘的访问。 当时中国正处于内部转型期,刚开始与西方世界建立经济联系。我参观了很多历史古迹,包括当时刚从西安出土的兵马俑、历史悠久的杭州西湖及其附近的寺庙等。我记得当时被人们雷同的着装震撼,意识到这不会持续下去,因为城市居民会被来自世界各地的年轻游客的

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  • 4

    引言 睿智的老鹦鹉

    引言 睿智的老鹦鹉 多年以前,我听说了一个故事,这个故事和这本书有些联系。 有一个孤独的老人,他的妻子去世了,他的孩子都走了,他的生意也关门了。他渴望有所陪伴,于是决定去买一只鹦鹉。他去了当地的宠物店,指着一只鹦鹉问它是多少钱。 店主说:“这是一只好鹦鹉,要5 000美元。” “一只鹦鹉怎么能值5 000美元呢?” “因为这只鹦鹉的母语是英语,它还会说法语、

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  • 5

    后记 实至名归的赞誉

    后记 实至名归的赞誉 在这本书中,我把总统、内阁秘书、主席、老板、同事和员工的名字一一列举了出来,他们中有些是名人,有些不是名人。不论是在政府部门还是在私营部门,很多人都成了我的亲密朋友。 在此,我要特别感谢在我从政生涯的关键时刻与我并肩奋战的一些人,他们大多数是长期供职的公务员,都致力于有效的政府治理。 有两个人曾陪伴我超过我职业生涯中的多半时间,但在20

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  • 6

    致谢

    她主动辞去了彭博社新闻高级财经编辑的职务,几乎是带领着我写作。写作中一定要搞清楚事实,而不是依赖我那正在衰退的记忆,比如B是否发生在A之后,或者相反。记忆是脆弱的,因此,需要与另一名参与者核对这些往事。 一年后,我几乎把克里斯蒂娜看成家里的一员,她就像我的一个妹妹。她认为,我的公仆父亲是真正的英雄。我希望,完成的作品能够很好地体现出她的贡献,并让她回到彭博社

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  • 7

    注释

    引言 睿智的老鹦鹉 003. “施善政的能力和意向”。Alexander Hamilton,James Madison and John Jay,The Federalist Papers (New York,New American Library of World Literature,1961),414. 003. “民意调查显示,只有20%以下的美国

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  • 8

    索引

    A 阿尔·戈尔Gore, Al 阿德莱·史蒂文森Stevenson, Adlai 阿尔文·汉森Hansen, Alvin 阿瑟·安达信Andersen, Arthur 阿瑟·伯恩斯Burns, Arthur 阿瑟·莱维特Levitt, Arthur 阿瓦利德Al-Waleed 阿息委员会Ash Council 埃利奥特·斯莱德Slade, Elliot 埃德

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注释

引言 睿智的老鹦鹉

003. “施善政的能力和意向”。Alexander Hamilton,James Madison and John Jay,The Federalist Papers (New York,New American Library of World Literature,1961),414.

003. “民意调查显示,只有20%以下的美国人”。Pew Research Center,“Public Trust in Government:1958–2017,” http://www.people-press.org/2017/12/14/ public-trust-ingovernment-1958-2017/.

第一章 成长

007. “治理是一门科学”。“1st City Manager in Jersey to Quit,” New York Times,July 26,1948,9,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/07/26/85298535.pdf.

008. “他在纽约市布鲁克林区度过童年”。保罗·沃尔克退休晚宴上的节目,现在仍然可以在镇上的网站上找到:http://www.teaneck.org/virtualvillage/Manager/volcker.pdf。

008. “作为这个职位的首位官员”。“Paul A. Volcker for Municipal Manager of Cape May City,” Lebanon Daily News,March 25,1925,1.

009. “所有开普梅少女都不应该……”。当时我父亲的一句名言是:“我们无法看到来自其他沿海城市和内陆地区最迷人的年轻女性,其中许多人都只是孩子,被送去大西洋城或其他城市,一年一次,被一群好奇的人衡量、评价和注视。”“Beautyto Stay Home,” Wilmington Morning News,June 12,1925,7。

010. “不要听任你的善良本性”。原话出自1777年1月9日华盛顿给乔治·贝勒上校的一封信,https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-08-02-0018。

011. “《星期六晚邮报》还刊登了题为‘蒂内克市没有犯罪活动’的报道”。Edward T.Radin,“There’s No Crime in Teaneck,” Saturday Evening Post,July 28,1945,http://www.tea neck.org/virtualvillage/police/no_crime_in_teaneck.htm.

011. “被美国陆军……选为模范城市”。Kalman Seigel,“Teaneck on Film as Model Town,” New York Times,September 22,1949,28,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/09/22/84279327.pdf.

014. “有一天他从学校把我带了出来”。这是我的老师比尔·摩尔在1984年的一次口述历史采访中提到的:“嗯,小保罗高中的时候在我的217班里。有一次他旷了一天课。第二天他带来了一张平常的家长纸条,不过这封信来自市政经理,而且是用打字机打出来的,显得有点儿不同寻常,上面写着:‘亲爱的摩尔先生,请原谅保罗昨天没有去上学。我带他去钓鱼了。我认为钓鱼一天抵得上在蒂内克高中的一天。’一开始我不知道该怎么办。我们班主任不会把这样一张纸条给别的教师,告诉他们:‘请原谅,他去钓鱼了。’但我还是原谅了保罗。从那以后我一直很高兴。首先,我开始相信沃尔克先生是完全正确的;其次,保罗仍然喜欢去钓鱼,我认为保罗和他爸爸一起钓鱼的一天的价值相当于在蒂内克高中的一天。”http://www.teaneck.org/virtualvillage/OralHistory2/moorewilliam.html.

015. “在比弗莱克湖,我从电台里听到……的演讲”。John Drebinger,“61,808 Fans Roar Tribute to Gehrig,” New York Times,July 5,1939,1,https://timesmachine.ny times.com/timesmachine/1939/07/05/112698231.html? pageNumber=1.

016. “那一届学生都是当时女子学院的精英”。她的一位同学后来嫁给了罗斯福的财政部长小亨利·摩根索。

第二章 接受教育

023. “为在政府任职的人提供培训和教育”。表格4653,“Notification Concerning Foundation Status”,由Charles Robertson于1970年8月20日签署。被下文引用:Doug White,Abusing Donor Intent:The Robertson Family’s Epic Lawsuit Against Princeton University(Paragon House,2014),96。

023. “20年之后,它又改为”。Karin Dienst,“Princeton’s informal motto recast to emphasize service to humanity,” October 24,2016,Princeton University website:https://www.princeton.edu/news/2016/10/24/princetons-informal-motto-recast-emphasize-servicehumanity.

026. “杜鲁门总统记得……他觉得受骗了”。Federal Reserve transcript of the Federal Open Market Committee’s January 31,1951,meeting,p. 24,https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/FOMChistmin19510131.pdf.

031. “和威利·费尔纳”。费尔纳是来自卫斯理大学的客座教授。他给我留下了深刻的印象。不同于许多本校教授,他对一个被广泛接受的经济学说提出了疑问。他认为,在经济理论中明显存在一些问题,包括利率分析等。关于这些问题,即便他作为一流的学者,也不了解问题的答案。

031. “我们都亲历了这个时代巨大的经济悲剧……最终导致了战争”。Associated Press,“Morgenthau’s Talk to Monetary Conference,” New York Times,July 2,1944,14,https://timesmachine.ny times.com/timesmachine/1944/07/02/85184564.pdf.

033. “以地方政治腐败而‘闻名’”。当时,堪萨斯城因其彭德格斯特政治机器的力量而臭名昭著。

第三章 早期经历

043. “在聚会渐入佳境时收走大酒杯”。在1955年这篇演讲的倒数第二段中,他把这个想法归功于另一位身份不明的作家。参见https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/ ?item_id=7800&filepath=/files/docs/ historical/martin/martin55_1019.pdf。

044. “比我矮一些”。根据米尔顿·维奥斯特的记录,弗里德曼身高5英尺3英寸(约1.6米)。参见“friedmanism,n. doctrine of most audacious U.S. economist,esp. theory‘only money matters,’” New York Times,January 25,1970,196,https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/25/archives/freidmanism-n-doctrine-of-most-audacious-us-economist-esptheory.html。

044. “很多年后……我试图阐明货币约束是有力打击通货膨胀的关键”。1979年9月12日,保罗·沃尔克写给米尔顿·弗里德曼的信,保存在普林斯顿大学马德图书馆,1979年9月卷宗,Box 1,MC279。

044. “当从报道中看到”。Simon London,“Lunch with the FT,Milton Friedman:The Long View,” Financial Times magazine supplement,issue no. 7,June 7,2003,12–13.

046. “任职于美国战略情报局”。查尔斯·金德尔伯格——著名经济学家,1978年出版书籍《狂热、恐慌和崩溃:金融危机的历史》(Manias,Panics,and Crashes:A History of Financial Crises)——在向哈利·杜鲁门图书馆口述历史时,描述了他领导下的美国战略情报局的经济学家的独特性(罗莎曾在该办公室工作)。参见https://www.trumanlibrary.org。

047. “交易对手本身是值得信任的专业群体”。关于一级交易商的历史,美联储有一篇研究论文:https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/staff_reports/sr777.pdfl ?a=en。

052. “合并后的大通曼哈顿银行”。美国银行虽然获加州政府批准在全州范围内设立分行,规模庞大,但却被贬损为一家披着商业银行外衣的储蓄银行。

054. “理事会的综合报告”。该报告于1961年6月提交给约翰·肯尼迪总统。JohnF. Kennedy:“Remarks to the Members of the Commission on Money and Credit,”June 19,1961. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=8195.

056. “但那并不是我的兴趣所在”。有一天,一位比我资深得多的同事问我:“你认为你可以去银行的哪个位置?”他无疑把目光投向了未来的大通银行领导层。当时我的榜样是花旗银行强大的经济部,那里有三位在行业里备受尊重的人,其中一位是银行的副董事长。因此,我的回答是,我可能想成为银行的副董事长,而不是一名主管、咨询师或者顾问。在一个有很多决定要做的大机构里,这将是一个名利双收的角色。

第四章 前往华盛顿

059. “国家正在经历国际收支赤字”。美国在20世纪50年代的大部分时间都存在收支逆差。但外国政府愿意持有美元,并将相对较少的美元兑换成黄金。当外汇在1958年实现自由兑换时,更多的资本转移到海外以赚取更高的利率,且外国中央银行要求将流入的美元兑换成黄金。参见Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis,“The United States Balance of Payments,” March 1961,https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/frbslreview/rev_stls_196103.pdf/。

059. “他不会让美元贬值”。Wayne Phillips,“Kennedy Pledges He Will Maintain Value of Dollar,” New York Times,October 31,1960,1,https:// timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesma chine/1960/10/31/105454271.pdf.

060. “华盛顿的工作机会”。我的任命于1961年12月28日宣布,任期始于1962年1月8日。Associated Press,“Fiscal Job Filled,” Wilmington Morning News,December 29,1961,29.

060. “例如5%的经济增长目标”。肯尼迪的经济顾问委员会主席沃尔特·赫勒后来回忆,肯尼迪在1960年10月向他提出的第一个问题是,他们能否真正实现竞选期间承诺的5%的增长目标。JFK Library,Council of Economic Advisers Oral History interview,JFK#1 08/1/1964,https://archive1.jfklibrary.org/JFKOH/Council%20 of%20Economic%20Advisers/JFKOH-CEA-01/JFKOH-CEA-01-TR.pdf.

061. “总统在新闻发布会上阐述了税收计划”。肯尼迪总统于1962年6月7日召开的记者招待会全文参见http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php? pid=8698&st=&st1=。John F. Kennedy:“The President’s News Conference,” June 7,1962. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=8698.

062. “美国的黄金储备为200亿美元”。该数据来自美联储月度公报所载的“央行和政府的黄金储备”,和美联储的“银行业和货币统计数据:1941—1970年”的图表15.1“对外国机构的流动性和非流动性负债,以及对所有其他外国人的流动性负债”。上述数据均发布在圣路易斯联邦储备银行的FRASER上。

063. “财政部得到了肯尼迪总统的实际支持”。肯尼迪曾经告诉他的顾问,国际收支赤字和核战争是他最担心的两件事。根据Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. in A Thousand Days:John F. Kennedy Jr. in the White House (Houghton Mifflin Co.,1965,652–665)。

064. “利息平衡税”。John F. Kennedy:“Special Message to the Congress on Balance of Payments,”July 18,1963. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=9349.

065. “通常存放在纽约的美元存款”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“City of London Regains Status as Market for Raising Capital,” New York Times,November 2,1963,45,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/ 1963/11/02/89971248.pdf.

065. “当时副部长的年薪”。Adren Cooper,Associated Press,“3½ Years of Robert V.Roosa Won’t Be Easily Forgotten,” Cincinnati Inquirer,December 6,1964,14D.

068. “我们要提出一个方案”。事实上,在约翰逊总统连任一年后,他签署了1965年的《高等教育法》。Lyndon B. Johnson:“Remarks at Southwest Texas State College Upon Signing the Higher Education Act of 1965,” November 8,1965. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=27356.

069. “他给了我一个长篇演讲的草稿”。“Remarks by Fowler on the International Monetary System,” New York Times,July 11,1965,57,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesm achine/1965/07/11/101555669.pdf.

071. “对此表示遗憾”。Lyndon B. Johnson,“Statement by the President on the Raising of the Discount Rate by the Federal Reserve Board,” December 5,1965. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=27395.

072. “引人注目的新大通大厦的办公室里”。这座大楼高813英尺(约248米),在1961年启用时是世界第六高楼。Charles Grutzner,“Chase Opens 64-Story Tower,”New York Times,May 18,1961,24,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachi ne/1961/05/18/101463880.pdf.

第五章 “世界上最好的工作”

077. “那份备忘录(落款日期为1月21日)”。备忘录参见https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary /documents/nssm/nssm_007.pdf。Memo:Henry Kissinger to Secretaries of State,Treasury,Chairmen of the CEA and Federal Reserve,National Security Study Memorandum No. 7;January 21,1969;Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum,Yorba Linda,California。

080. “会议时间并没有延长”。会议结束后,肯尼迪宣布我和查尔斯被提名,并发表声明称,美国不会寻求改变黄金价格。Edwin L. Dale Jr.,“Treasury’s Chief Rules Out Change in $35 Gold Price,” New York Times,January 23,1969,1. 其他报道称,他保证美国将采取行动遏制通货膨胀。John R. Cauley,“Vows Drive on Inflation,”Kansas City Times,January 23,1969,1.

080. “在华盛顿一场由美联储主席马丁主持的紧急会议上”。Edwin L. Dale Jr.,“7 Nations Back Dual Gold Price,Bar Selling to Private Buyers,” New York Times,March 18,1968,1,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/03/18/79937229.pdf.

081. “将法郎的疲软归咎于”。Henry Tanner,“De Gaulle Orders Austerity Plan,Wage-Price Freeze,Budget Cuts;Blames Spring Strikes for Crisis,” New York Times,November 25,1968,1,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/ timesmachine/1968/11/25/76972133.pdf.

081. “5个月后”。Henry Tanner,“De Gaulle Quits After Losing Refer- endum;Senate Leader to Serve Pending Election,” New York Times,April 28,1969,1,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/04/28/ 90099539.pdf.

082. “他在学术上的主要反对者”。他们于1967年的辩论被华盛顿的美国企业研究所记录在一本书中。Milton Friedman and Robert V. Roosa,“The Balance of Payments:Free Versus Fixed Exchange Rates,” Washington,DC,American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research,1967.

082. “学术界已经对这些想法进行了很多讨论”。Clyde Farnsworth,“U.S. Scores Idea of Money Reform,” New York Times,February,13,1969,63,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/02/13/77439795.pdf.

083. “美国剩余的黄金储备”。数据来源于联邦储备系统理事会的“银行和货币统计:1941—1970年”和1969年7月的美联储公报。https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/?toc_id=333555&filepath=/files/docs/publications/FRB/1960s/frb_071969.pdf&start_page=144.

083. “法郎确实贬值了”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“Franc Is Devalued to 18C,” New York Times,August 9,1969,1,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/times machine/1969/08/09/78389549.pdf.

084. “做了一次很长且复杂的陈述”。参见摘要https://history.state.gov/historical documents/frus1969-76v03/d130. Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;International Monetary Policy,1969–1972,Document 130。

085. “我们成功了,但是数量降低了”。Edwin L. Dale Jr.,“I.M.F. Nations Vote for‘Paper Gold’ as a World Money,” New York Times,October 4,1969,1,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/10/04/81867494.pdf.

087. “如果他们不愿意接受艾奥瓦州的牛肉”。这句话及其反日的贸易保护主义情绪,成为他后来在1980年总统竞选中(落选)一个突出的特点。Paul Burka,“The Truth About John Connally,” Texas Monthly,November 1979,https://www.texasmonthly.com/politics/the-truth-about-john-connally/.

088. “阿瑟·伯恩斯在日记里”。Robert H. Farrell,ed.,Inside the Nixon Administration:The Secret Diary of Arthur Burns,1969–1974 (University Press of Kansas,2010).

088. “5月初”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“Germans Decide to ‘Float’ Mark in Money Crisis,”New York Times,May 9,1971,1,https://timesmachine.ny times.com/timesmachi ne/1971/05/09/91298207.pdf.

088. “任何问题的解决”。Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten,Changing Fortunes (Times Books,1992),74–75.

089. “金融界很快意识到”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“Connally Tells Bankers U.S. Will Defend Dollar,” New York Times,28,May 29,1971,28,https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/29/archives/connally-tells-bankers-us-will-defend-dollar-burns-also-atmunich.html.

089. “经过多次内部辩论后”。James M. Naughton,“Nixon Vetoes a Works Plan;Bars Tax Cut,” New York Times,June 30,1971,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/30/archives/nixon-vetoes-a-works-plan-bars-tax-cut-confidence-cited-connally-to.html.

089. “他在8月初对我说”。康纳利与尼克松在白宫的讨论记录以录音形式保存,可在https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v03/d164找到。Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;International Monetary Policy,1969–1972,Document 164.

090. “活跃分子和雄心勃勃的亨利·罗伊斯”。Edwin L. Dale,“Devalued Dollar Is Asked in Study,” New York Times,August 8,1971,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html.

091. “两个月前”。Edwin L. Dale Jr.,“Shift in Monetary Set-Up Is Pro- posed in House,” New York Times,June 4,1971,45,https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/04/archives/shift-inmonetary-setup-is-proposed-in-the-house-reuss-resolution.html.

091. “他匆忙返回”。他们讨论的记录可以在https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v03/d165找到。Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;Inter national Monetary Policy,1969–1972,Document 165.

092. “所有这些讨论……进行了详细描述”。William Safire,Before the Fall:An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House (Doubleday,1975).

093. “为征收进口附加费的行政命令找到法律依据”。Richard Nixon:“Proclamation 4074—Imposition of Supplemental Duty for Balance of Payments Purposes,” August 15,1971. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=107023.

093. “国务院没有派代表出席”。在1971年8月2日的白宫录音中,尼克松告诉康纳利,这个潜在项目的任何海外磋商都应该由基辛格来处理:“在任何情况下,国务院都不能参与协商,因为该机构代表外国政府。”Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;International Monetary Policy,1969–1972,455,https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus 1969-76v03/d164.

094. “后来据我所知,没有人真正关心这条遗漏”。不过,美国和加拿大经济官员在1971年12月6日就“贸易刺激”问题进行了广泛的讨论,其中包括修订加拿大和美国汽车贸易协定。

第六章 货币改革受挫

097. “声称用‘大胆的领导’来‘创造没有战争的新繁荣’”。Richard Nixon,“Address to the Nation Outlining a New Economic Policy:‘The Challenge of Peace,’” August 15,1971. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=3115.

097. “股市飙升”。“Ebullient Investors Send Stocks Soaring in Record Day’s Climb,” Wall Street Journal,August 17,1971,1.

098. “全面的系统改革很重要”。讨论摘要由桑·克罗斯编写。可在https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus 1969-76v03/d170找到。Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;International Monetary Policy,1969–1972,Document 170.

098. “十国紧急会议”。John M. Lee,“Currency Parley Enlivens Trading,” New York Times,September 20,1971,39,https://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/20/archives/currency-parley-elivens-trading-one-result-of-group-of-10s-meeting.html.

098. “会上康纳利提出美国国际收支余额会波动130亿美元”。对我们逻辑的描述可在https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v03/d76找到。Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;International Monetary Policy,1969–1972,Document 76.

099. “美元首次贬值11%”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“U.S. Ready to End Surtax If Currencies Go Up 11%,” New York Times,November 30,1971,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/30/archives/us-ready-to-end-sur tax-if-currencies-go-up-11-group-of-10seeking.html.

099. “这个降幅足以让我们”。康纳利从罗马给尼克松的备忘录概述了我们的立场,可在https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v03/d211找到。Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;International Monetary Policy,1969–1972,Document 211.

100. “已经取得了进展”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“Progress at the Palazzo Corsini,” New York Times,December 5,1971,315,https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/05/archives/progressat-the-palazzo-corsini-devaluation-hint-by-us-unlocks.html.

100. “双方顺利达成一致”。Tad Szulc,“Nixon Agrees to a Devaluation of Dollar as Part of Revision of Major Currencies,” New York Times,December 15,1971,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/15/archives/pact-with-france-azores-talks-opening-way-to-wideaccord-in.html.

101. “美元将对法郎贬值”。蓬皮杜和尼克松签署的备忘录的副本可以在https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus 1969-76v03/d220找到。Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;International Monetary Policy,19691972,Document 220。

101. “重新调整这么多货币”。康纳利在史密森学会会后的新闻发布会上表示,美元将对其他经合组织国家平均贬值12%,但未提供具体的汇率值。参见https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v03/d221。Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;International Monetary Policy,1969–1972,Document 221.

101. “他大做文章”。尼克松声明的文本可以在http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php? pid=3268&st=&st1=找到。Richard Nixon:“Remarks Announcing a Monetary Agreement Following a Meeting of the Group of Ten,” December 18,1971. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=3268.

102. “美元已经到了需要政府干预来稳定的程度了”。Michael Stern,“Devaluation Fear Spurs a Renewal of Dollar Sales,” New York Times,February 9,1973,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/09/archives/devaluation-fear-spurs-a-renewal-of-dollar-sales-bonn-buys-up-16.html.

102. “康纳利部长辞去了……职务”。在他的回忆录中,康纳利解释说,在尼克松没能履行与康纳利协商财政部任命事宜的承诺后,他辞职了。John Connally with Mickey Herkowitz,In History’ s Shadow:An American Odyssey (Hyperion,1993).

104. “舒尔茨部长在华盛顿公布了这些变化”。Edwin L. Dale Jr.,“U.S. Orders Dollar Devalued 10 Per Cent;Japanese Yen Will Be Allowed to Float;Nixon to Submit Trade Plan to Congress,” New York Times,February 13,1973,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/13/archives/gold-to-be-4222-controls-on-lending-abroad-alsowill-be-phased-out.html.

104. “但很快……大幅上涨”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“Gold Touches $90 as Dollar Erodes in Trade Abroad,” New York Times,February 23,https:// www.nytimes.com/1973/02/23/archives/gold-touches-90-as-dollar-erodes-in-trade-abroad-renewed.html.

104. “到3月初,对美元的投机压力实在太大”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“Monetary Crisis Flares Up Again;Dollar Weakens,” New York Times,March 2,1973,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/02/archives/monetary-crisis-flares-up-again-dollar-weakens-marketsclosed-us-is.html.

105. “贴现率的决定权在华盛顿”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“U.S. and 13 Others Adopt Measures on Dollar Crisis,” New York Times,March 17,1973,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/17/archives/us-and-130-others-adopt-measures-on-dollar-crisis-plans-are.html.

105. “前瞻性讲话”。“Text of Shultz Talk Before International Monetary Fund and World Bank,”New York Times,September 27,1972,70,https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/27/archives/text-of-shultz-talk-before-international-monetary-fund-and-world.html.

106. “施韦泽意识到”。Edwin L. Dale Jr.,“Schweitzer of I.M.F. Won’t Quit His Post Despite U.S. Stand,” New York Times,September 24,1972,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/24/archives/schweitzer-of-imf-wont-quit-his-post-despite-us-stand-schweitzer.html.

107. “他富有建设性的讲话”。Edwin L. Dale,“New U.S. Monetary Plan Asks Wider Fluctuation in World Exchange Rates,” New York Times,September 27,1972,1.https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/09/27/91349838.pdf.

108. “浮动汇率是万不得已的办法”。参见“Major Elements of Plan X” at https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v03/d239。Foreign Relations of the United States,1969–1976,Volume III,Foreign Economic Policy;International Monetary Policy,1969–1972,Document 239.

108. “他与他的内阁同事耐心地考查……的想法”。这个相当复杂的提议在1973年经济顾问委员会的年度报告中得到了充分阐述。

112. “房利美蒙受了巨大损失”。Kenneth B. Noble,“Fannie Mae Loses $70 Million,”New York Times,January 19,1982,D3,https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/19/business/fannie-mae-loses-70-million.html.

113. “一些公司开出了六七位数的薪酬”。猎头罗素·雷诺兹在1973年11月23日的来信中要求约谈,这个职位在一家领先的金融公司。该信存放在普林斯顿大学马德图书馆,国际收支卷宗,Box 23,MC279,Paul Volcker文件。

114. “我们搬到华盛顿市中心的克利夫兰大道时”。位于华盛顿的克利夫兰大道的房子大约是我心爱的蒙特克莱尔房子的一半大。它坐落在一片50英尺(约15米)的土地上。这片土地是从克利夫·福尔杰的庄园中分离出来的。克利夫·福尔杰是投资银行诺兰公司的创始人,他后来买下了那所房子,并把它拆掉了。

第七章 回到起点

124. “包括将员工总数从1974年高峰时的近5 300人减少到1979年底的4 350人”。纽约联邦储备银行,1979年年报,见表8。

126. “美国证券交易委员会也对此进行了调查,但没有采取任何行动”。Jeff Gerth,“S.E.C. Overruled Staff on Finding That Citicorp Hid Foreign Profits,” New York Times,February 18,1982,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/18/business/secoverruled-staff-on-finding-that-citicorp-hid-foreign-profits.html.

127. “从而促进实现充分就业、物价稳定和长期利率平稳的目标”。该法的文本,Public Law 95-188,95th Congress,H.R. 9710,可通过政府出版办公室网站在线获得,https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-91/pdf/STATUTE-91-Pg1387.pdf。

127. “以支持该法案的参议员和众议员的名字来命名”。吉米·卡特总统在签署法案时的评论,可以在吉米·卡特的网站上找到,“Full Employment and Comprehensive Employment and Training Act Bills Remarks on Signing H.R. 50 and S. 2570 Into Law,” October 27,1978. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=30057。

127. “他发现至少在一次贴现率决定中他的个人意见被否决”。1978年6月30日,将贴现率提高到7.25%的决定以3 : 2的票数通过,其中米勒属于少数派。Steven Rattner,“Miller Opposes Move to 7¼% Discount Level,” New York Times,July 1,1978,23,https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/01/ archives/miller-opposes-move-to-7discount-level-fed-acts.html.

第八章 抗击通胀

131. “物价指数以每年13% 的速度增长”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“Prices Rose Sharply Again in May,Spurred by Increasing Costs of Fuel,” New York Times,June 27,1979,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/27/archives/prices-rose-sharply-again-inmay-spurred-by-increasing-costs-of.html.

132. “7月15日,总统下山发表了演讲”。Jimmy Carter:“Address to the Nation on Energy and National Goals:‘The Malaise Speech,’” July 15,1979. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=32596.

132. “美联储主席通常被认为是最重要的经济政策官员,因此职位空缺对建立信心无益”。事实上,到周末(7月20日,周五),美联储不得不将贴现率提高0.5个百分点至10%,并干预市场以支撑美元。

132. “我还是上了去华盛顿的飞机”。当时的纽约—华盛顿对开航班是真正意义上的对开航班,型号更小,但每小时都有班次,如果满载,就有更多的飞机投入使用。在“9·11”事件发生前的这段时间里,我们可以在不到两小时的时间里完成整个旅程。

134. “理事会又将贴现率提高了0.5个百分点,创下10.5%的新纪录”。Karen W.Arenson,“Reserve Raises Loan Rate to Banks to Record 10½% from 10% Level,”New York Times,August 17,1979,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/17/archives/reserve-raises-loan-rate-to-banks-to-record-10-from-10-level.html.

134. “投票结果是4∶3”。Robert A. Bennett,“Reserve Board,by 4-3,Raises Rate on Loans to Banks to Record 11%,” New York Times,September 19,1979,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/19/archives/reserve-board-by-43-raises-rate-on-loans-tobanks-to-record-11.html.

135. “美联储正在失去勇气,继续对抗通胀的决心有所动摇”。当时贝尔斯登经济学家劳伦斯·库德洛发表了一个经典评论,认为投票结果的分歧“在很大程度上表明,未来的政策调整将是有限的”。Associated Press,“Fed Boosts Discount Rate But Vote Is Not Unanimous,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch,September 19,1979,6.

135. “美元贬值压力加大,黄金价格创下新高”。Robert D. Hershey Jr. “Gold Price Soars at Record Pace in Wild Trading,” New York Times,September 19,1979,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/19/archives/gold-price-soars-at-record-pace-inwild-trading-hits-37778-at.html.

135. “我曾提出一个问题”。Paul A. Volcker,“The Contributions and Limitations of ‘Monetary’Analysis” address delivered before the Joint Luncheon of the American Economic Association and the American Finance Association in Atlantic City,New Jersey,September 16,1976.FRBNY Quarterly Review,https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/aboutthefed/monanal.pdf.

137. “在演讲中,他(恶意地)对中央银行是否还能控制通货膨胀表示怀疑”。Clyde H.Farnsworth,“Burns Cites Limits on Fed Powers,” New York Times,October 1,1979,45,https:// timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/10/01/112122164.html?page Number=45.

137. “而谣言四起,甚至有的说我已经辞职或者死亡了”。我在10月6日的记者招待会上开玩笑地提到了这些谣言:“我要告诉你们,这次记者招待会的主要目的是向你们表明,我并没有像昨天早些时候的传闻那样辞职,而且我仍然活着,这与最近的传闻正好相反。”Transcript of Federal Reserve press conference,October 6,1979,Paul A. Volcker papers(MC279),folder October 6,1979 action,Box 29,Mudd Manuscript Library,Department of Rare Books and Special Collections,Princeton University Library.

137. “我曾耐心地仔细阅读过一份公开市场委员会的会议纪要,在多年前确实读过”。这份纪要可以在美联储的网站上找到,https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/FOMC19791006meeting.pdf。

138. “三个月期美国国债利率最终超过了17%”。美国国债和商业银行的最优惠贷款利率的数据来自美联储理事会1979—1987年的H.15报告;周度的30年期抵押贷款利率的数据来自房地美,http://www.freddiemac.com/pmms。上述数据由纽约联邦储备银行肯尼思·加贝德协助整理。

139. “之后半小时,我们交换了意见”。Associated Press,“Demonstrators Protest High Interest Rates,” Tampa Times,April 14,1980,11.

140. “美联储坚持要我同意接受‘个人安全护送’”。该决定在1981年4月15日美联储给沃尔克的“个人安全”备忘录中提到。John M. Denkler. Paul A. Volcker papers(MC279),folder memoranda from Michael Bradfield,Box 29,Mudd Manuscript Library,Department of Rare Books and Special Collections,Princeton University Library.

140. “有一次一名武装分子不知怎么就进入了美联储”。UPI,“Suspect Is Seized in Capital in Threat at Federal Reserve,” New York Times,December 8,1981,19,https://www.ny times.com/1981/12/08/us/suspect-is-seized-in-capital-in-threat-atfederal-reserve.html.

140. “总统最初的预算约为160亿美元赤字”。Jimmy Carter:“Budget Message:Message to the Congress Transmitting the Fiscal Year 1981 Budget,” January 28,1980. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=32851.

140. “预算收紧的信息被淡化了”。卡特于3月31日提交的修改后的预算估计有165亿美元的盈余。支出仅比1月的预算减少43亿美元,盈余主要来自126亿美元的石油进口费用。Jimmy Carter:“Budget Revisions Message to the Congress Transmitting Revisions to the Fiscal Year 1981 Budget,” March 31,1980. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=33205.

141. “卡特总统在东厅举行的一个大型仪式上宣布了预算削减和信贷管控的反通胀计划”。Jimmy Carter:“Anti-Inflation Program Remarks Announcing the Administration’s Program,” March 14,1980. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=33142.

142. “卡特总统不得不在费城花园聚会上发表温和的批评意见”。Clyde H. Farnsworth,“Volcker Criticized by Carter on Rates,” New York Times,October 3,1980,1,https://timesmachine.ny times.com/timesmachine/1980/10/03/111177523.pdf.

145. “但我并未把要弹劾我的恐吓放在心上”。得克萨斯州民主党众议员亨利·冈萨雷斯特别提出了一项议案,要求弹劾我和联邦公开市场委员会其他成员。结果不了了之。参见https://www.congress.gov/bill/97th-congress/house-resolution/196。

145. “我应邀在拉斯维加斯举办的全国住宅建筑商协会年会上发表讲话”。“Housing Recovery Tied to Inflation,” New York Times,January 26,1982,D11,http://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/26/business/ housing-recovery-tied-to-inflation.html?scp=787&sq=volcker&st=nyt.

146. “市场一飞冲天”。Michael Quint,“Interest Plunges,Elevating Stocks to a Record Gain,” New York Times,August 18,1982,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/18/business/interest-plunges-elevating-stocks-to-a-record-gain.html.

146. “是因为这本书的价格从10.95美元降到了1.98美元”。1982年,我把该故事的一个版本告诉了记者安德鲁·托拜厄斯。他将其写入文章《与保罗·沃尔克的谈话》中。“A Talk with Paul Volcker,” New York Times,September 19,1982,271,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1982/09/19/issue.html.

147. “这只是战术问题”。Peter T. Kilborn,“Volcker Suggests Federal Reserve May Shift Tactics,” New York Times,October 10,1982,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/10/us/volcker-suggests-federal-reserve-may-shift-tactics.html.

148. “总统在日记中记录说,他理解这一点”。参见1983年6月7日星期二罗纳德·里根的条目,“The Reagan Diaries”(Harper Collins,2007),158。

148. “反对票刚好对称:右翼共和党和左翼民主党各有8人反对;84位参议员赞同”。CQ Almanac,1983,https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php? id=cqal83-1198874.

150. “我被召集到白宫面见里根总统”。里根的日程安排中记录了1984年7月24日下午3 : 30在图书馆的会面。尽管记录中显示埃德温·米斯、理查德·达曼和迈克尔·迪弗在场,但在我的记忆中,他们不在。里根在他的日记中没有写关于这次会议的内容。参见https://www.reaganfoundation.org/ronald-reagan/white-housediaries/diary-entry-07241984/。

第九章 国内外金融危机

155. “他说,几十年来,倒闭的银行太少了,实际上几乎没有银行倒闭”。“Bank Failures Lag;Patman Is Worried,” New York Times,June 17,1963,48,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/06/17/89537226.pdf.

156. “联邦政府的援助被考虑并最终被拒绝了”。Robert B. Semple Jr.,“Rejection of Pennsy Loan Is Laid to Political Risks,” New York Times,1,June 23,1970,https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/23/archives/rejection-of-pennsy-loan-is-laid-to-politicalrisks-sidetracking-of.html.

156. “德国私人银行赫斯塔特突然倒闭”。Reuters,“Big Bank Closed by West Germany,”New York Times,June 27,1974,65,https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/27/archives/big-bank-closed-by-west-germany-privatee-institution-herstat-of.html.

156. “1974年10月”。John H. Allan,“Franklin Found Insolvent by U.S. and Taken Over,”New York Times,October 9,1974,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/09/archives/franklin-found-insolvent-by-us-and-taken-over-european-group-in.html.

156. “在纽约长岛快速发展的富兰克林国民银行破产,它是欺诈案的受害者”。ArnoldH. Lubasch,“Sindona Is Convicted by U.S. Jury of Fraud in Franklin Bank Failure,”New York Times,March 28,1980,1,https:// timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachi ne/1980/03/28/112148354.pdf.

157. “国会成立了一个三人委员会来监督救助行动”。Judmi Miller,“Congress Approves a Compromise Plan on Aid to Chrysler,” New York Times,December 21,1979,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/21/archives/congress-approves-a-compromise-plan-on-aidto-chrysler-15-billion.html.

157. “换了新的管理层”。Bernard D. Nossiter,“Chrysler Chairman Will Retire Early,” New York Times,September 18,1979,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/18/archives/chrysler-chairman-will-retire-early-riccardo-plans-to-leave.html.

158. “他们同意接受估值折扣”。UPI,“Chrysler Announces Accord with Banks,” New York Times,February 26,1981,D5,https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/26/business/chrysler-announces-accord-with-banks.html.

159. “克莱斯勒最终支付了3亿多美元回购并注销了财政部持有的认股权证”。Thomas J. Lueck,“Chrysler Tops Bids to Buy Back Stock Rights,” New York Times,September 13,1983,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/13/business/chrysler-topbids-to-buy-back-stock-rights.html.

159. “先是规定了仓位限制和披露要求”。Robert A. Bennett,“Position Limits Adopted in Comex Silver Futures,” New York Times,January 8,1980,D1,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/01/08/111760374.pdf.

159. “之后又规定交易只能用于清算合同”。Federal Reserve Press Release,March 14,1980,3. Papers of Paul A. Volcker(MC279),Folder:Monetary Improvement Program,Box 29. Mudd Library,Department of Rare Books and Special Collections,Princeton University Library.

159. “纯投机性地持有大宗商品或贵金属”。Paul A. Volcker,Statement Before the Subcommittee on Agricultural Research and General Legislation,U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture,Nutrition and Forestry,May 1,1980,https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/volcker/Volcker_19800501.pdf.

161. “还是不可避免地引起了国会和公众的关注”。Mario A. Milletti,“First Pennsy’s Golden Boy,” New York Times,September 25,1977,119,https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/25/ archives/first-pennsys-golden-boy.html.

161. “在费城联储前经济研究官员约翰·本廷的领导下”。“First Penn to Receive Rescue Aid,” New York Times,April 29,1980,D1,https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/time smachine/1980/04/29/111234761.pdf.

161. “联邦存款保险公司和几十家银行向它提供了包括贷款和信贷额度在内的15亿美元救助”。Irvine H. Sprague,Bailout:An Insider’ s Account of Bank Failures and Rescues (Basic Books,1986)96.

161. “这足以控制多数股权”。Vartanig G. Vartan,“Drysdale Securities Out of Business,”New York Times,June 16,1982,D1,https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/ business/drysdale-securities-out-of-business.html.

161. “两家小型政府证券经纪商倒闭”。Robert A. Bennett,“Bigger Banks Are Hurt by Failure in Oklahoma,” New York Times,July 7,1982,D1,https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/07/business/bigger-banks-are-hurt-by-failure-in-oklahoma.html.

162. “这些贷款被卖给了美国各地的几家大银行,尤其是伊利诺伊大陆银行”。RobertA. Bennett,“$4.5 Billion Credit for Chicago Bank Set by 16 Others,” New York Times,May 15,1984,1.

163. “他们对此持谨慎态度”。Winston Williams,“U.S. Puts Together $7.5 Billion in Aid for Illinois Bank,” New York Times,May 18,1984,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/18/business/us-puts-together-7.5-billion-in-aid-for-illinois-bank.html.

164. “是将联邦存款保险公司的资金置于险境,比尔的理由是需要充分恢复信心”。新闻稿包含这个关键信息:“鉴于伊利诺伊大陆银行的所有周边环境,联邦存款保险公司保证,在为找到永久解决办法而可能需要的任何安排中,银行的所有存款人和其他一般债权人都将得到充分保护,向银行客户提供的服务不会中断”。重印于William H. Isaac,Senseless Panic:How Washington Failed America (John Wiley& Sons,2010),第70页。

164. “因为这笔贷款实际上受到了联邦存款保险公司的担保”。Robert A. Bennett,“U.S.Will Invest $4.5 Billion in Rescue of Chicago Bank,Vowing More Aid If Needed,”New York Times,July 27,1984,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/27/business/us-will-invest-4.5-billion-in-rescue-of-chicago-bank-vowing-more-aid-if-needed.html.

164. “联邦存款保险公司就第二轮救援进行了谈判”。Ronald Reagan:“Nomination of Edwin J. Gray to Be a Member of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board,” February 17,1983. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=40941.

166. “格雷在白宫工作过一段时间,1983年被里根总统任命为主席”。Dan Fesperman,“Former Regulator Blames S&L Crisis on Congress,” Baltimore Sun,November 27,1990,http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1990-11-27/news/1990331046_1_loan-crisisethics-committee-gray.

166. “所谓的基廷五人组,恐吓格雷放宽对倒闭储蓄和贷款协会的监管要求”。“美国纳税人损失达1 238亿美元,占总成本的81%”。Timothy Curry and Lynn Shibut,“The Cost of the Savings and Loan Crisis:Truth and Consequences,” FDIC Banking Review,December 2000,https://www.fdic.gov/bank/analytical/banking/br2000v13n2.pdf.

167. “联邦政府最终花费近1 500亿美元(约合今天2 500多亿美元)”。基于1989年6月的1 238亿美元,使用美国劳工统计局的通货膨胀计算器进行计算:https://www.bls.gov/data/ inflation_calculator.htm。

167. “抢劫银行的最佳方式就是拥有银行”。University of Texas Press,2005.

168. “到1982年底,这些贷款平均是美国八大银行资本的两倍多”。FDIC Divisionof Research and Statistics,“An Examination of the Banking Crises of the 1980s and early 1990s,” ch. 5. “The LDC Debt Crisis,” https://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/history/191_210.pdf.

168. “英语流利,是耶鲁大学的经济学硕士毕业生”。Alan Riding,“Man in the News;Survivor:Jesus Silva Herzog,” New York Times,August 21,1982,29,http://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/21/business/man-in-the-news-survivor-jesus-silva-herzog.html.

169. “美国财政部认识到墨西哥违约将给自己的银行系统带来巨大损失”。Edward Cowan,“Loans and Credits for Aiding Mexico Are Mapped by U.S.,” New York Times,August 21,1982,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/21/business/loansand-credits-for-aiding-mexico-are-mapped-by-us.html.

170. “他向新闻界解释说,他提出的设立一个协调委员会来处理银行贷款的建议被采纳了”。Robert A. Bennett,“Bankers Pressured to Assist Mexico,” New York Times,August 21,1982,32,https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/21/business/bankers-pressured-toassist-mexico.html.

172. “拉罗西埃迅速采取行动”。雅克·拉罗西埃写了自己的回忆录,于2017年由奥迪尔·雅各布出版。书名为《金融危机五十年》(50 Years of Financial Crises)。

173. “1985年10月,汉城国际货币基金组织会议上宣布了共同计划的后续部分”。Ronald E. Yates,“Baker’s Plan May Be Too Late,” Chicago Tribune,October 9,1985,http://articles.chicago tribune.com/1985-10-09/business/8503080744_1_debtcrisis-world-bank-baker-plan.

第十章 未竟事业:修复金融体系

180. “一些分析人士将德国的做法与1978年卡特政府对美元的救助相比较”。James Sterngold,“Dollar Falls Sharply on Bonn Move,” New York Times,September 22,1984,39,https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/22/business/dollar-falls-sharply-onbonn-move.html.

180. “这一点早在财政部对英国首相玛格丽特·撒切尔向里根总统提出的请求做出回应时就已经很明显了”。Peter F. Kilborn,“Reagan’s New Dollar Strategy,” New York Times,March 3,1985,141,https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/03/business/reagan-s-new-dollar-strategy.html.

181. “对争议激烈的建立主要货币‘汇率目标区’的设想产生了兴趣”。Paul Lewis,“Plan Emerging on Currency Rates,” New York Times,March 18,1985,D1,https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/18/ business/plan-emerging-on-currency-rates.html.

181. “随后拍照时,我被推到了前面,我感到很困惑”。Peter T. Kilborn,“U.S. and 4 Allies Plan Move to Cut Value of Dollar,” New York Times,September 23,1985,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/23/business/us-and-4-allies-plan-move-to-cut-valueof-dollar.html.

182. “第二天的头版报道引用一位‘不愿透露姓名’ 的财政部高级官员的话说”。PeterT. Kilborn,“Group of 5 Hints at Effort to Cut Interest Charges,” New York Times,January 20,1986,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/20/business/group-of-5-hintsat-effort-to-cut-interest-charges.html.

183. “我想当众责难是有一定道理的”。我在东京的一个会议上发表了一份声明,称马丁关于拉丁美洲政策转变的建议“令人费解”,并赞扬了当时拉美各国政府为管理债务所做的努力。Robert A. Bennett,“Volcker Rebukes Martin on 3d-World Debt Ideas,” New York Times,June 21,1985,D2,https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/21/business/volcker-rebukes-martin-on-3d-world-debt-ideas.html.

184. “几周后,也就是3月初,这事就成了”。Susan Chira,“Japan Says It Will Join in Rate Cut;French,Dutch Follow Lead of West Germans,” New York Times,March 7,1986,D1,https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/07/business/ japan-says-it-will-join-inrate-cut.html.

184. “3月底,在‘政变未遂’不到一个月后,普雷斯顿·马丁就辞职了”。Robert D. Hershey,“Martin Resigning from Fed;Denies Move Is Tied to Dispute with Volcker,” New York Times,March 22,1986,35,http://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/22/business/martin-resigning-from-fed.html.

185. “里根总统正忙着处理伊朗门事件”:伊朗军售事件,是一桩政治丑闻。涉及违反武器禁运规定,向伊朗秘密出售武器,以资助尼加拉瓜反共产主义武装。

185. “相反,1987年初,财政部要求在法国财政部所在地巴黎卢浮宫召开五国集团会议”。Peter T. Kilborn,“Accord on Dollar Appears Remote,” New York Times,13,February 22,1987,https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/22/world/accord-on-dollarappears-remote.html.

186. “到3月时,美元汇率已跌至区间下方”。Robert D. Hershey Jr.,“Volcker Sees Danger to Economy of U.S. If Dollar Falls More,” New York Times,April 8,1987,1. https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/08/business/volcker-sees-danger-to-economy-of-us-ifdollar-falls-more.html.

187. “1995年,我在伦敦大学发表了著名的斯坦普演讲,呼吁人们更多地关注汇率”。The text of the speech is at https:// piie.com/commentary/speeches-papers/questexchange-rate-stability-realistic-or-quixotic.

190. “与当时的英格兰银行行长罗宾·利-彭伯顿共进一顿非正式的晚餐”。Charles Goodhart,The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision:A History of the Early Years,1974–1997 (Cambridge University Press,2011).

190. “1987年初”。Nathaniel C. Nash,“Similar Standards for Banks Are Set by U.S. and Britain,” New York Times,January 9,1987,1,https:// www.nytimes.com/1987/01/09/business/similar-standards-for-banks-are-set-by-us-and-britain.html.

190. “巴塞尔委员会最初因其不情愿的姿态而被绕过,当年晚些时候被授权编写最终的规则”。Nathaniel C. Nash,“12 Countries Want Banks to Increase Capital,”New York Times,December 11,1987,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/11/business/12-countries-want-banks-to-increase-capital.html.

191. “2017年12月,全球监管机构完成了第三次修订”。Jack Ewing,“Global Regulators Make Move to Prevent Next Financial Crisis,” New York Times,December 8,2017,B1,https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/business/global-regulators-agree-on-rules-toprevent-financial-crises.html.

191. “2008年危机后不到十年,美国和其他地方需要强化的资本要求就已经被放松了”。Ryan Tracy and Lalita Clozel,“Plan Aims to Ease Bank Rule on Capital,” Wall Street Journal,April 12,2018,https://www.wsj.com/ articles/u-s-proposes-retoolingbig-bank-capital-rule-1523478608.

192. “他认为我不会放松《格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法》对银行的限制,这是一个政治上敏感的目标”。这是基于共和党讨论我的连任的会议的一个见证者的描述,被下文引用。Thomas Ferguson,Paul Jorgenson,and Jie Chen,“Fifty Shares of Green:High Finance,Political Money and the U.S. Congress,” Roosevelt Institute,May 2017,http://rooseveltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/FiftyShadesof Green_0517.pdf.

第十一章 离开美联储之后

201. “我们希望在市场上被视为资本雄厚”。Michael Quint,“Saudi Prince to Become Citicorp’s Top Stockholder,” New York Times,February 22,1991,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/22/business/saudi-prince-to-become-citicorp-s-top-stockholder.html.

202. “我们合写了一本书”。Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten,Changing Fortunes:The World’ s Money and the Threat to American Leadership(Times Books,1992).

205. “相当于今天的3亿美元”。根据劳工统计局的通货膨胀计算器求得。参见https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_ calculator.htm。

205. “一个新的研究生项目”。对捐赠和随后的争议的详细描述参见:Doug White,Abusing Donor Intent:The Robertson Family’s Epic Lawsuit Against Princeton University(Paragon House,2014)。

205. “可与国家最好的医学和法律学院相媲美”。Fred M. Hechinger,“Gift of 35 Million Goes to Princeton,” New York Times,August 6,1961,1,https://times machine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/08/06/118046661.pdf.

205. “管理人员或官僚机构”。这是来自普林斯顿大学网站,致力于解释罗伯逊捐赠后伍德罗·威尔逊学院的使命。参见https://www.prince ton.edu/robertson/documents/implementing_mission/。

206. “早在1970年”。Doug White,Abusing Donor Intent:The Robertson Family’ s Epic Lawsuit Against Princeton University(Paragon House,2014),97–99.

208. “我了解到的是”。和解协议的文本可以在https://www.princeton.edu/robertson/documents/docs/Robertson_Settlement_Agreement-Executed.pdf找到。

第十二章 多重身份的主席先生

217. “并购我公司的强劲竞争对手”。Peter Truell,“Nat West to Buy Gleacher in $135 Million Stock Deal,” New York Times,October 18,1995,D2,https:// www.nytimes.com/1995/10/18/business/natwest-to-buy-gleacher-in-135-million-stock-deal.html.

217. “1996年5月,公司出售给信孚银行”。Saul Hansell,“Bankers Trust to Acquire Wolfensohn,” New York Times,May 23,1996,http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/23/business/bankers-trust-to-acquire-wolfensohn.html.

218. “任职多年”。From May 1988 until May 2168 to be precise. See https://www.nestle.com/media/pressreleases/allpressreleases/recordperformance-25feb00.

219. “可能被刑事起诉”。1999年3月,大约在同意被德意志银行收购的6个月后,信孚银行最终对联邦刑事的指控认罪,称其使用了无人认领的顾客资金,以提高自身的财务业绩。Benjamin Weiser,“Bankers Trust Admits Diverting Unclaimed Money,” New York Times,March 12,1999,https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/12/nyregion/bankers-trust-admits-diverting-unclaimed-money.html.

220. “无数的外国学生”。外国留学生总数在2016年达到108万人的最高纪录,在2017年有所下降。Nick Anderson,“Report finds fewer new international students on U.S.college campuses,” Washington Post,November 13,2017,https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/report-finds-fewer-new-international-students-on-us-collegecampuses/2017/11/12/5933fe02-c61d-11e7-aae0-cb18a8c29c65_story.html? utm_term=.4997869e8653.

220. “成员”。完整名单可以在https://www.ihouse-nyc.org/about-student-housing-inny/board-of-trustees/找到。

221. “关于金融衍生品的报告”。该报告可以在http://group30.org/images/uploads/publications/G30_Derivatives-PracticesandPrinciples.pdf找到。

221. “我们早在2009年1月就成功发表了报告”。该报告可以在http://group30.org/images/uploads/publications/G30_FinancialReformFrameworkFinStability.pdf找到。

221. “研究报告”。“Banking Conduct and Culture:A Call for Sustained and Comprehensive Reform,” published in July 2015,http://group30.org/images/uploads/publications/G30_BankingConductandCulture.pdf.

225. “我们完成了一份强有力的报告”。The National Commission on the Public Service,“Leadership for America:Rebuilding the Public Service,” Washington Post,1989,http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/opinions/documents/Leadership_for_America_Rebuilding_the_Public_Service.pdf.

226. “他认同我们的使命”。Robert D. Hershey,“The Government Is Hiring,Which Isn’t Easy,” New York Times,July 23,1989,115,https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/23/weekinreview/nation-government-hiring-which-isn-t-easy-civil-service-doubts-withinwithout.html.

226. “冻结薪酬”。“今晚,我呼吁全面冻结联邦政府的工资一年。在此后的四年间,我建议工资的增长要比通常联邦工资增长所涉及的生活津贴的涨幅低一个百分点。接下来,如你们所知,我建议削减150项具体预算,并请所有认为我们应该削减更多预算的人提出像我一样具体的建议”。William J. Clinton:“Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on Administration Goals,” February 17,1993.Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=47232.

226. “早已不复存在的双百周年委员会”。“政府擅长启动事物,却不擅长终止。不管你信不信,我们还在支持双百周年纪念委员会,那在1976年就结束了。还有很多类似的事情。这占用的钱很少,但你不能证明它是正当的。真是太糟糕了”。William J. Clinton:“Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session on the Economic Program in Chillicothe,Ohio,” February 19,1993. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=45998.

226. “后续委员会”。国家和地方公共服务委员会,又称“冬季委员会”。

226. “补充了我们递交白宫报告的结论”。该报告被称为“美国的迫切需要:振兴21世纪的联邦政府”。网址是https://ourpublicservice.org/publications/viewcontentdetails.php? id=314。

第十三章 对正直的追求

232. “决定暂不宣判”。参见“Swiss Banks Settlement:In the Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation”中的年表,官方网站:http://www.swissbankclaims.com/Chronology.aspx。

232. “不久,一个叫作‘沃尔克委员会’的机构成立了”。委员会组成的详细信息可以在我们的最终报告中找到。Independent Committee of Eminent Persons,“Report on Dormant Accounts of Victims of Nazi Persecution in Swiss Banks,” 1999,http://www.crtii.org/ICEP/ICEP_Report_english.pdf.

235. “最终确实发现”。“1954年5月,大银行的法定代表协调了他们对继任者的反应。这样,银行就有了一个协调一致的机制来转移任何形式的询问。” Bergier Commission Final Report.

236. “他留给世人的永恒遗产”。完整的奖项指南可在http://www.crt-ii.org/_awards/index.phtm找到。

237. “有史以来制定的最全面”。被引用于The United Nations Security Council from the Cold War to the 21st Century,David Malone,ed. (Lynne Reinner,2004),182。

240. “威尔集团在2004年7月自愿披露”。“Weir Group Admits Iraq Oil for Food Contracts Were Inflated,” Herald of Scotland,July 22,2004,http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12497592.Weir_Group_admits_Iraq_Oil_for_Food_contracts_were_inflated/.

240. “迫使欺诈重案办公室停止”。David Leigh and Rob Evans,“‘National Interest’Halts Arms Corruption Inquiry,” Guardian,December 15,2006,https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/dec/15/saudiarabia.armstrade.

240. “司法部长戈德史密斯勋爵在议会上说”。戈德史密斯勋爵于2006年12月14日在上议院的州议会发言的全文可在https://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2006-12-14d.1711.2找到。

241. “展开彻底调查”。由两名高级工作人员编写的一份题为“善意被腐败之殇”的报告全文,以及我撰写的引言,完整地叙述了全部情况及其复杂性。其中表达的国际组织管理不善的剖析观点,值得一读。Jeffrey A. Meyer and Mark G.Califano,Good Intentions Corrupted:The Oil-for-Food Scandal and the Threat to the U.N.Public Affairs,2006.

242. “沃尔克效应”。Press Trust of India,“Volcker Effect:Natwar Singh Removed as Foreign Minister,” Times of India,November 7,2005,https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Volcker-effect-Natwar-Singh-removed-as-Foreign-Minister/articleshow/1287392.cms.

242. “沃尔克报告”。Saurabh Shukla,“Volcker Report:Aniel Matherani’s revelations leads to Natwar Singh’s resignation,” India Today,December 19,2005,https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20051219-volcker-report-anielmatherani-s-revelations-leads-to-natwar-singh-resignation-786387-2005-12-19.

245. “腐败之瘤”。参见http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/archives/history/past-presidents/james-david-wolfensohn,及演讲http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/13580146799 3234363/pdf/99712-WP-Box393210B-PUBLIC-1996-10-01-People-and-Development.pdf。

246. “沃尔克审查小组”。参见http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2007/09/13/world-bank-president-robert-zoellick-welcomes-volcker-panel-review-world-bankinstitutional-integrity-department。

247. “无法坐视不管”。西门子腐败案始于慕尼黑检察官办公室,之后又涉及其他几个国家当局和国际机构。

247. “西门子向世界银行支付了1亿美元的和解费”。http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2009/07/02/siemens-pay-million-fight-fraud-corruption-part-worldbank-group-settlement.

247. “容易引发内部腐败”。世界银行声明,http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/pressrelease/2012/06/29/world-bank-statement-padma-bridge。

第十四章 确定标准

252. “19人理事会”。参见https://www.iasplus.com/en/binary/resource /01iascfar. pdf.

257. “2001年中期,该公司同意”。Floyd Norris,“Accounting Firm to Pay a Big Fine,” New York Times,June 20,2001,http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/20/business/accounting-firm-to-pay-a-big-fine.html.

259. “发表了演讲,呼吁改革国际会计准则”。我的评论可以在http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/news_articles/2002/volcker_text.aspx找到。

259. “都已经厌倦透了”。在我提供证词期间,亚拉巴马州共和党参议员理查德·谢尔比发表了以下声明:“我只想重申我的开庭陈述,也就是沃尔克博士所说的话。他说:‘我们有太多的盈利重复披露,太多的对备考收益的怀疑,太多对商誉收取的数十亿美元的费用,以及太多被解读为审计失败的破产让我们都感到习以为常。恰恰相反,目前的情况已经非常清楚,必须推行一些根本性的改革,以保证我们的财务报告的准确性、透明度和有意义。’沃尔克博士,我不可能解释得比您更清楚了。”Transcript of S. Hrg. 107–948,Volume 2—Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Volume 1S. Hrg. 107–948 Accounting Reform and Investor Protection.

260. “影响最深远的改革”。George W. Bush:“Remarks on Signing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002,” July 30,2002. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=73333.

260. “曾经崇高的职业正在爆发危机”。2月14日,保罗·沃尔克在参议院银行委员会的听证会上做证。Transcript of S. Hrg. 107–948,Volume 2 — Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Volume 1 S. Hrg. 107–948 Accounting Reform and Investor Protection.

260. “强行拆分”。Madison Marriage,“Big Four accountancy firms plan for forced breakup,” Financial Times,May 16,2018,https://www.ft.com/content/6c07f5d8-591b11e8-bdb7-f6677d2e1ce8.

261. “系列报道”。Jonathan Ford and Madison Marriage,“The big flaw:auditing in crisis,”Financial Times,August 1,2018,https://www.ft.com/content/29ccd60a-85c8-11e8-a29d73e3d454535d.

第十五章 新金融世界:崩溃与改革

267. “150亿美元的保险储备缺口”。Sonali Basak,Katherine Chiglinsky,and Rick Clough,“GE’s Surprise $15 Billion Shortfall Was 14 Years in the Making,” Bloomberg News,January 25,2018,https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2018-01-25/ge-ssurprise-15-billion-shortfall-was-14-years-in-the-making.

269. “2002年致股东的信中”。可以在http://www.berkshire hathaway.com/letters/2002pdf.pdf找到。

269. “如前所述”。参见第十一章。

270. “而当时至少有一名记者在那里”。2004年8月,乔吉·安·盖耶在环球新闻集团专栏报道了这一评论。Georgie Ann Geyer,“Economic Experts Outline Precarious Financial Situation,” Daily Spectrum(Saint George,Utah),August 23,2004,A6.

270. “准备演讲”。《华盛顿邮报》发表了一篇改编后的演讲稿。Paul A. Volcker,“An Economy on Thin Ice,” Washington Post,April 10,2005,B7,http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/ A38725-2005Apr8.html.

277. “股市暴跌”。Eric Dash and Jack Healy,“New Plan,Old Doubts:Investors Register Disappointment,Sending Markets Into a Swoon,” New York Times,February 11,2009,B1,https://archive.nytimes.com/www.ny times.com/2009/02/11/business/11markets.html.

278. “提议全面改革”。Barack Obama:“Remarks on Financial Regulatory Reform,” June 17,2009. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ ws/? pid=86287.

281. “后来被全文刊登”。“Paul Volcker:Think More Boldly,” Wall Street Journal,December 14,2009,R7,https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527487048255045745863309605 97134.

282. “我们称其为‘沃尔克规则’”。Barack Obama:“Remarks on Financial Regulatory Reform and Consumer Protection Legislation,” January 21,2010. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,American Presidency Project,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/? pid=87436.

第十六章 三个真理

290. “下意识的通胀斗士”。Federal Open Market Committee meeting transcript,July 17,1984,67,https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/FOMC19840717meeting.pdf.

293. “年通货膨胀率”。Reserve Bank of New Zealand,Policy Targets Agreement 1990,https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/monetary-policy/policy-targets-agreements.

293. “1996年7月联邦公开市场委员会会议上关于美联储‘价格稳定’目标的讨论”。Federal Open Market Committee meeting transcript,July 2–3,1996,50–51,https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/FOMC19960703meeting.pdf.

295. “头版就刊登了一篇”。Peter T. Kilborn,“After Years of Absence,Deflation Causes Worries,” New York Times,July 23,1984,1,https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/23/business/after-years-of-absence-deflation-causes-worries.html.

301. “我们关注的是银行体系”。Janet Yellen interview with Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,November 15,2010,https://fcic.law.stanford.edu/interviews/view/201.

302. “允许财政部使用纳税人的钱”。关于2008年10月TARP立法的详细信息可以在https://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/financial-stability/TARP-Programs/Pages/default.aspx#找到。

305. “20%的人”。这些民意调查的例子包括皮尤研究中心的公众信任政府调查,http://www.people-press.org/2017/12/14/public-trust-in-government-1958-2017/。

305. “一篇论文中”。Paul C. Light,“Vision + Action = Faithful Execution:Why Government Daydreams and How to Stop the Cascade of Breakdowns That Now Haunts It,” Volcker Alliance,December 2015,https://www.volckeralliance.org/sites/default/files/attachments/Vision%20%2B%20 Action%20-%20The%20Volcker%20Alliance.pdf.

307. “几乎翻了一番”。美国人口普查数据预测,2018年美国总人口约为3.28亿(参见https://www.census.gov/popclock/),与1962年估计的1.86亿形成对比(参见通过圣路易斯联邦储备银行获得的世界银行数据,https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POP TOTUSA647NWDB)。

307. “国内生产总值和联邦支出”。美国2017年的国内生产总值约为19.4万亿美元,而1962年为6 051亿美元(Federal Reserve:https:// fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP#0)。2017年联邦支出总额为3.98万亿美元,而1962年为1 068亿美元(Office of Management and Budget,table 14.2,“Total Government Expenditures 1948–2017”)。

后记 实至名归的赞誉

314. “更早毕业于”。杜威实际上是利托尔学院的第一个公共管理博士。参见美联储https://www.federal reservehistory.org/people/j_dewey_daane。