富爸爸穷爸爸

首字母缩略词

注释中使用了以下缩略词表示档案收藏机构：

BHL Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

CAH The Center for American History, The University of Texas, Austin

ESBL Eleanor S. Brockenbrough Library, Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond,Va. LC Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

LCP The Library Company of Philadelphia

MAHS Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston

MOHS Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis

NARA National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

NYHS New-York Historical Society, New York City

NYPL Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library, Astor, Lennox, and Tilden Foundations, New York City

PAHRC Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center, Wynnewood, Pa.

RBMSC Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library. Duke University, Durham, N.C.

SCHS South Carolina Historical Society, Charleston

SCL South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia

SHC Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

VHS Virginia Historical Society, Richmond

VMIA Virginia Military Institute Archives, Lexington

WFCHS Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society, Winchester, Va.

WHS Wisconsin Historical Society Archives, Madison

序言

[1] [Stephen Elliott],Obsequies of the Reverend Edward E. Ford, D.D., and Sermon by the Bishop of the Diocese…(Augusta, Ga.: Augusta Chronicle and Sentinel, 1863), p. 8.

[2] James David Hacker,“The Human Cost of War: White Population in the United States, 1850—1880”, Ph.D. diss. (University of Minnesota, 1999), pp. 1, 14. Hacker认为，由于对南部邦联死于疾病人数估计不足，内战死亡人数可能被严重低估。内战伤亡及死亡率数据是全盘有问题的，南部邦联记录的不完整使这些数据尤其不可信。参阅该书第八章。Maris A. Vinovskis的结论是，北部13至45岁白人男性有大约6%死于战争，而在南部，相同年龄段的白人男性则有18%死去。但因为在南方白人中军事动员程度更高，南部士兵死亡率是北方的两倍而非三倍。詹姆斯·麦克弗森所引用的死亡率是南部邦联士兵31%，联邦士兵16%。Gary Gallagher认为，Vinovskis估计的南部总体死亡率太低了；他估计，四个而非五个达到参军年龄的南部白人男子中，便有一个人在战火中丧生。我所引用的是更为保守的总数。参见Vinovskis,“Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War?”载于Maris A.Vinovskis, ed.,Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 3—7; James M. McPherson, personal communication to author, December 27, 2006; Gary Gallagher, personal communication to author, December 16, 2006。

[3] James M. McPherson,Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam(NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 3, 177, n. 56.

[4] [Francis W. Palfrey],In Memoriam: H.L.A.(Boston: Printed for private distribution, 1864), p. 5; Richard Shryock,“A Medical Perspective on the Civil War,”American Quarterly 14(Summer1962): 164; H. Clay Trumbull,War Memories of an Army Chaplain (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p. 67.这段时间的关键数据非常少，最完整的数据只涵盖马萨诸塞州。我感谢天普大学（Temple University）的历史人口学家Gretchen Condran同我讨论这些问题。参见U.S. Bureau of the Census,Historical Statistics of the United States, Part I (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 62—63。关于19世纪中叶的英格兰“一个成年孩子的过早死亡”之为“尤其令人痛心的事情”，参见Patricia Jalland,Death in the Victorian Family(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 39。

[5]“死亡之丰收”意象一次引人注目的呈现，出现于Timothy O’Sullivan的一张关于葛底斯堡战场满地死人的照片被加的标题中，此照片出自Alexander Gardner, Gardner’sPhotographic Sketchbook of the War(1866; rpt. New York: Dover, 1959), plate 36; Kate Stone, Brokenburn:The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861—1868, ed. John Q. Anderson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 1955), p. 264; C. W. Greene to John McLees, August 15, 1862, McLees Family Papers, SCL。

[6] [Frederick Law Olmsted],Hospital Transports: A Memoir of the Embarkation of the Sick and Wounded from the Peninsula of Virginia in the Summer of 1862(Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1863), p. 115.

[7]关于死亡的文献非常丰富浩瀚。这本书在其他处未引用的一些关键文本，包括Thomas Lynch,The Undertaking: Life Studies from the Dismal Trade(New York: W. W.Norton, 1997); Thomas Lynch,Bodies in Motion and at Rest: On Metaphor and Mortality (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000); Sandra Gilbert,Death’s Door: Modern Dying and the Way We Grieve(NewYork: W. W. Norton, 2006); Paul Monette, Borrowed Time:An AIDS Memoir(San Diego, Calif.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988); Paul Monette,Last Watch of the Night(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994); Jessica Mitford,The American Way of Death(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963); Sherwin B. Nuland,How We Die: Reflections on Life’s Final Chapter(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994); Maurice Bloch and Jonathan Parry, eds.,Death and the Regeneration of Life(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Peter Metcalfand Richard Huntington,Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991)。

[8] Mrs. Carson to R. F. Taylor, September 14, 1864, Carson Family Papers, SCL.关于自我观念的变迁，参见Charles Taylor,Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989),与Jerrold Seigel,The Idea of the Self: Thought and Experience in Western Europe Since the Seventeenth Century(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005)。

[9] New York Times, October 20, 1862.参见William A. Frassanito,Antietam: The Photographic Legacy of America’s Bloodiest Day (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978); Franny Nudelman,John Brown’s Body: Slavery, Violence and the Culture of War(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), pp. 103—131; and Alan Trachtenberg,Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans(New York: Hill & Wang, 1989)。即使我们承认内战摄影的影响，我们也需要意识到，真正看过布雷迪或其他人关于死人的摄影的美国人非常少。报纸与杂志尚无法复制照片，只能用它们的雕版来印刷，例如本书所包含的《哈珀周刊》插图便是如此。

[10] Maude Morrow Brown Manuscript, z/0907.000/S, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss.;关于19世纪的科学与变化了的死亡之意义，参见Adam Phillips,Darwin’s Worms: On Life Stories and Death Stories(New York: Basic Books, 2000)。

[11]宪法真正的捍卫者”。根据詹姆斯·沃克（James Walker）的一幅素描制成的雕版画，《哈珀周刊》，1865年11月11日。

[12]1862年9月，安蒂特姆的南部邦联死难者”。亚历山大·加德纳摄。国会图书馆。

第一章 死亡

[1] Chesnut的话引自James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State(New York: D. Appleton, 1874), pp. 74—75。

[2]致Mattie J. McGaw的信, 1863年5月5日, McGaw Family Papers, SCL。关于美国革命时期大陆军的规模及其死亡率的分析，参见Charles H. Lesser,The Sinews of Independence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), pp. 84—86,与Howard H. Peckham,The Toll of Independence(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1974)。关于内战军队规模，参见James M. McPherson,Battle Cry of Freedom(New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 306n。

[3] Alonzo Abernethy,“Incidents of an Iowa Soldier’s Life, or Four Years in Dixie,”Annals of Iowa, 3rd ser. 12 (1920): 411; William A.Hammond,“Medical Care, Battle Wounds, and Disease,”online at www.civilwarhome.com/civilwarmedicine.htm; George Worthington Adams,Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War(New York: H. Schuman, 1952), pp. 222, 242, 125.关于南部邦联军队腹泻与痢疾，参见Horace Cunningham, Doctors in Gray:The Confederate Medical Service (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958), p. 185; Paul E. Steiner,Disease in the Civil War: Natural Biological Warfare in 1861—1865(Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1968), p. 14。营地水槽部分引自U.S. Sanitary Commission,Two Reports on the Condition of Military Hospitals(New York: W. C. Bryant, 1862), p.6。另参见Joseph Janner Woodward,Outlines of the Chief Camp Diseases of the United States Armies as Observed During the Present War(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1863); Robert E. Denney,Civil War Medicine: Care and Comfort of the Wounded (New York: Sterling, 1994); John W. Schildt,Antietam Hospitals (Chewsville, Md.: Antietam Publications, 1987); Frank R. Freemon,Gangrene and Glory: Medical Care During the American Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998); James I. Robertson Jr.,Soldiers Blue and Gray(Columbia: University of South CarolinaPress, 1988), pp. 145—169。另参见Lisa Herschbach,“Fragmentation and Reunion: Medicine, Memory and Body in the American Civil War,”Ph.D. diss. (Harvard University, 1997)。

[4]The Sentinel: Selected for the SoldiersNo. 319 (Petersburg, Va.:n.p., 1861), p. 1.

[5] E. G. Abbott to Mother, February 8, 1862, Abbott Family, Civil War Letters, MS Am 800.26(5), Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

[6] A. D. Kirwan, ed.,Johnny Green of the Orphan Brigade: The Journal of a Confederate Soldier (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1956), p. 93.

[7] John Weissert to Dearest wife and children, October 17, 1862. Box1, Correspondence Sept.–Oct. 1862, John Weissert Papers, BHL.

[8] Jeremy Taylor,The Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying(London: R.Royston, 1651); Jeremy Taylor,The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living(London: Francis Ash, 1650); Sister Mary Catherine O’Connor,The Art of Dying Well: The Development of the Ars Moriendi (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942), pp. 11, 208.另参见L. M. Beier,“The Good Death in Seventeenth Century England”, in Ralph Houlbrooke, ed.,Death, Ritual and Bereavement(New York: Routledge, 1989); Ralph Houlbrooke,Death, Religion, and the Family in England, 1480—1750 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); Ralph Houlbrooke,“The Puritan Death-Bed, c. 1560–c. 1600”, in C. Durston and J. Eales, eds.,The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560—1700(New York: St. Martin’s, 1996), pp. 122—144; M. C. Cross,“The Third Earl of Huntingdon’s Death-Bed: A Calvinist Example of the Ars Moriendi,”Northern History21 (1985): 80—107; R. Wunderle and G. Broce,“The Final Moment Before Death in Early Modern England,”Sixteenth Century Journal20 (1989): 259—275; David Cressy,Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)。

[9] Frances Comper, ed.,The Book of the Craft of Dying and Other Early English Tracts Concerning Death(London, 1917); Nancy Lee Beaty,The Craft of Dying: A Study in the Literary Tradition of the Ars Moriendi in England(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970); Jeremy Taylor,The Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying(London: R.Royston, 1651).在19世纪上半叶，Taylor的书至少有8个版本在伦敦出版，在波士顿有1864年版与1865年版；费城有1835年、1859年、1869年版；纽约有1864年版。关于建议与行为指导类图书中的“死亡之艺术”概念，参见Margaret Spufford,Small Booksand Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and Its Readership in Seventeenth Century England(Athens: University of GeorgiaPress, 1981), pp. 200—208。关于一则布道的一个例子，参见Eleazer Mather Porter Wells,Preparation for Death…Trinity Church, Boston (n.p., 1852)。关于公众健康，参见John Willison,The Afflicted Man’s Companion(Pittsburgh: Luke Loomis & Co., 1830)一书的许多美国版本，该书被纽约的美国小册子协会（American Tract Society）于1851年重印。Dickens的连载小说The Old Curiosity Shop如此受欢迎，以至于纽约人在码头排队等待新一分册的到来，以得知Little Nell的命运。Harriet Beecher Stowe的Uncle Tom’s Cabin是19世纪美国最畅销的书。Charles Dickens,The Old Curiosity Shop(London, 1841); William Makepeace Thackeray,The Newcomes(London: Bradbury & Evans, 1844—1845); Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Boston: John P.Jewett, 1851).另参见Samuel Richardson’sClarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady(London: Published for S. Richardson, 1748)一书对死亡所作的分析。

[10] William Corby,Memoirs of Chaplain Life(Notre Dame, Ind.: Scholastic Press, 1894), p. 184.关于这一时刻的纪念碑，位于圣母（Notre Dame）与葛底斯堡战场。据估计，天主教徒占联邦军队士兵的7%。而南部邦联士兵中天主教徒的比例应小得多。参见Randall M. Miller,“Catholic Religion, Irish Ethnicity, and the Civil War,”in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds.,Religion and the American Civil War (New York:Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 261。

[11] Bertram Korn,American Jewry and the Civil War(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951), p. 59; D. DeSola Pool,“The Diary of Chaplain Michael M. Allen, September 1861,”Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society39 (September 1949): 177—182; L. J. Lederman, letter to parents of David Zehden upon his death, quoted in Mel Young,Where They Lie: The Story of the Jewish Soldiers…(Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1991), p. 149; Rebecca Gratz,Letters of Rebecca Gratz, ed. Rabbi David Philipson (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1929), pp. 426—427.参见From This World to the Next: Jewish Approaches to Illness, Death and the After life(New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1999), and Jack Riemer, ed.,Jewish Insights on Death and Mourning(New York: Schocken Books, 1995), pp. 309—353.关于泛基督教主义（ecumenism），参见Korn,American Jewry and the Civil War, p. 59; Warren B. Armstrong,For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying: Union Chaplains in the Civil Wa(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), pp. 53—54; Kurt O. Berends,“‘Wholesome Reading Purifies and Elevates the Man’: The Religious Military Press in the Confederacy,”in Miller, Stout, and Wilson, eds.,Religion and the American Civil War, pp. 134, 157; Peter Paul Cooney,“The War Letters of Father Peter Paul Cooney of the Congregation of the Holy Cross,”ed.Thomas McAvoy, Records of the American Catholic Historical Society44 (1933): 223, 164; Louis-Hippolyte Gache,A Frenchman, a Chaplain, a Rebel: The War Letters of Louis-Hippolyte Gache(Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1991), pp. 176—177, 118—119; Sara Trainer Smith, ed.,“Noteson Satterlee Hospital, West Philadelphia,”Records of the American Catholic Historical Society8 (1897): 404。关于那种泛基督教主义的局限性，参见Gache, Frenchman, pp. 190—191。

[12] Once to Die(Richmond, Va.: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 186—), p. 3;另参见Karl S. Guthke,Last Words:Variations on a Theme in Cultural History(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 36。

[13] Confederate States Christian Association for the Relief of Prisoners (Fort Delaware), Minutes, March 31, 1865, Francis Atherton Boyle Books, 1555 Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (hereafter SHC); James Gray to Sister, June 12, 1864, in Mills Lane, ed., Dear Mother:Don’t Grieve About Me. If I Get Killed, I’ll Only Be Dead: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War(Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), p. 300.另参见William Stilwell to Molly, September 18, 1862, in Lane, Dear Mother, p. 185; letter to Mollie J. McGaw, May5, 1863, McGaw Family Papers, SCL; Desmond Pulaski Hopkins Papers, July 17, 1862, CAH。死亡地点的统计数据，来自Robert V. Wells,Facing the “King of Terrors”: Death and Society in an American Community(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 195。

[14] [Frederick Law Olmsted],Hospital Transports(Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1863), p. 80.将奴隶贩卖至西南诸州对非洲裔美国人的家庭纽带的破坏，当然是另一回事情 ——它是强迫性的，而且是长期性的。参见Michael Tadman,Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders and Slaves in the Old South(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989)。

[15] Patricia Jalland,Death in the Victorian Family(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 2.在1861年Albert亲王去世后，这位英国女王自己的长期哀痛，使人们更加关注死亡 ——这个盎格鲁—美国人的家庭与文化生活的关键因素。

[16] The Dying Officer(Richmond, VA.: Soldiers’ Tract Society, Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 186—), p. 6; Hiram Mattisonquoted in Michael Sappol,“A Traffic in Dead Bodies”: Anatomy and Embodied Social Identity in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 31.关于临终遗言意义的陈述，参见：Susie C. Appell to Mrs. E. H. Ogden, October 20, 1862, Sarah Perot Ogden Collection, GLC6556.01.106, Gilder Lehrman Collection, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, NYHS。在没有得到其书面同意的情况下，文中所引Gilder Lehrman Institute的材料，不可被直接引用。关于临终遗言重要性的分析，参见：Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, December 7, 1861, p. 44。

[17] 参见Gregory Coco,Killed in Action: Eyewitness Accounts of the Last Moments of 100 Union Soldiers Who Died at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1992); Gregory Coco, Wasted Valor: The Confederate Dead at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1990); Warren B. Armstrong,For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying:Union Chaplains in the Civil War(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998)。

[18]“Reminiscence of Gettysburg,”Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, January 2, 1864, p. 235.关于照片，参见Steve R.Stotelmyer,The Bivouacs of the Dead: The Story of Those Who Died at Antietam and South Mountain(Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992), p. 6; Godey’s Lady’s Book, March 1864, p. 311; Mark H.Dunkelman,Gettysburg’s Unknown Soldier: The Life, Death, and Celebrity of Amos Humiston(Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999); William Stilwell to Molly, September 18, 1862, in Lane, ed., Dear Mother, p. 186。

[19] Clara Barton, Lecture Notes [1866], Clara Barton Papers, LC.

[20] Elmer Ruan Coates, “Be My Mother Till I Die” (Philadelphia: A. W.Auner, n.d.), Wolf 115; “Bless the Lips That Kissed Our Darling:Answer to: Let Me Kiss Him for His Mother” (Philadelphia: Auner, n.d.); J. A. C. O’Connor, “Bless the Lips That Kissed Our Darling” (New York: H. De Marsan, n.d.), Wolf 115.另参见George Cooper, “Mother Kissed Me in My Dream” (Philadelphia: J. H.Johnson, n.d.), Wolf 1468.所有这些歌篇都来自American Song Sheet Collection, LCP。

[21] William J. Bacon,Memorial of William Kirkland Bacon: Late Adjutant of the Twentysixth Regiment of New York State Volunteers(Utica, N.Y.: Roberts Printer, 1863), p. 50.

[22] 关于悼唁信，参见Michael Barton, “Painful Duties: Art, Character, and Culture in Confederate Letters of Condolence”, Southern Quarterly 17 (1979): 123—134; and Barton,Goodmen: The Character of Civil War Soldiers(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1981), pp. 57—62。另参见William Merrill Decker,Epistolary Practices: Letter Writing in America Before Telecommunications(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); Janet Gurlin Altman,Epistolarity: Approaches to a Form(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1982).当时关于书信作者的指南，参见The American LetterWriter and Mirror of Polite Behavior(Philadelphia: Fisher & Brother, 1851)与A New LetterWriter, for the Use of Gentlemen (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1860)。对内战大众文化中悼唁信传统的确认，参见Daily South Carolinian, February 26, 1864;另参见June 22, 1864, and the song by E. Bowers, “Write a Letter to My Mother!” (Philadelphia: n.p., [1860s]), Wolf 2677, LCP。

[23] Williamson D. Ward diary quoted in Joseph Allan Frank and George A. Reaves,“Seeing the Elephant”: Raw Recruits at Shiloh (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1989), p. 98; Minutes, July1864—June 1865, Confederate States Christian Association for the Relief of Prisoners (Fort Delaware), Francis Atherton Boyle Books, 1555 SHC.

[24] W. J. O’Daniel to Mrs. [Sarah A.] Torrence, quoted in Haskell Monroe, ed., “The Road to Gettysburg: The Diary and Letters of Leonidas Torrence of the Gaston Guards,”North Carolina Historical Review 36 (October 1959): 515; William Fields to Mrs. Fitzpatrick, June 8, 1865, Maria Clopton Papers, Medical and Hospital Collection, ESBL; I. G. Patten to Mrs. Cadenhead, August 5, 1864, in I. B. Cadenhead, “Some Letters of I. B. Cadenhead,”Alabama Historical Quarterly18 (1956): 569; Henry E. Handerson,Yankee in Gray: The Civil War Memoirs of Henry E. Handerson with a Selection of His Wartime Letters(Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1962), p. 62.

[25] William Fields to Mrs. Fitzpatrick, June 8, 1865, Maria Clopton Papers, Medical and Hospital Collection, ESBL; Clara Barton, Manuscript Journal, 1863, Clara Barton Papers, LC.另参见Elizabeth Brown Pryor,Clara Barton: Professional Angel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987), pp. 94, 148; “Our Army Hospitals,” unidentified and undated newspaper clippings, Louis C. Madeira Civil War Scrapbooks, vol. A, pp. 111—126, LCP。一个关于一位护士暗示一名士兵为其妻子留下信息的事例，参见William H. Davidson, ed.,War Was the Place: A Centennial Collection of Confederate Soldier Letters (Chattahoochie Valley Historical Society, Bulletin no. 5 [November1961]): 115。关于医院工作人员在“善终”中的重要作用，参见Gary Laderman,The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes Toward Death, 1799—1883(New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 1996), p. 131; Gerald Linderman,Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War(New York:FreePress, 1987), p. 29; Corby,Memoirs of Chaplain Life, p. 93。另参见Jestin Hampton to Thomas B. Hampton, January 25, 1863, Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH; S. G. Sneed to Susan Piper, September 17, 1864, Benjamin Piper Papers, CAH。

[26]Christian Recorder, November 12, 1864.

[27] Richard Rollins, ed.,Pickett’s Charge!: Eyewitness Accounts, (Redondo Beach, Calif.: Rank & File Publications, 1994), p. 96.

[28] James R. Montgomery to A. R. Montgomery, May 10, 1864, CSACollection, ESBL; John M. Coski, “Montgomery’s Blood-Stained Letter Defines ‘The Art of Dying’—and Living” ,Museum of the Confederacy Magazine(Summer 2006): 14.

[29] Coski, “Montgomery’s Blood-Stained Letter.”

[30]将这种“清单”同Jay Winter所描述的一战期间英国军官告知士兵亲人其死讯的“家族信息”（“stock messages”）进行比较：他被他的战友爱戴，是名好士兵，死时没有痛苦。同内战时期的美国人信奉的“死亡之艺术”相比，这是一个非常世俗化的模式。参见J. M. Winter,Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p.35。内战时期一份基本以清单形式写成的悼唁信 ——缩进等所有格式 ——参见John G. Barrett and Robert K. Turner Jr.,Letters of a New Market Cadet: Beverly Stannard(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1961), pp. 67—68。一个天主教的例子，参见Cooney, “War Letters of Father Peter Paul Cooney,”pp. 153—154.这种“清单”的大部分内容，都源于灵床旁的观察者最终确认濒死者正成功地抗拒着典型的魔鬼诱惑。这些典型的魔鬼诱惑包括：放弃信仰，屈服于绝望或不耐烦，展示出精神的骄傲或自满，表现出过于关注世俗事务。参见Comper,Book of the Craft of Dying, pp. 9—21. For a brief discussion of consolationletters, see Reid Mitchell, The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 84—86。

[31] Edwin S. Redkey, ed.,Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African American Soldiers in the Union Army(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 67.对于犹太士兵而言，有所准备也是“善终”的一个重要部分。请注意Albert Moses Luria的家人对其做好了死亡准备的强调，也请注意他的碑文：“在走进战场时，他已做好了见上帝的准备。”参见Mel Young, ed.,Last Order of the Lost Cause: The True Story of a Jewish Family in the Old South (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1995), p. 147。关于暴毙，另参见W. D. Rutherford to Sallie F. Rutherford, June 23, 1864, W. D. Rutherford Papers, SCL; Houlbrooke, Death, Religion and the Family, p. 208。

[32] Letter to Mrs. Mason, October 3, 1864, 24th Reg. Virginia Infantry, CSA Collection, ESBL.

[33] Alexander Twombly,The Completed Christian Life: A Sermon Commemorative of Adjt. Richard Strong(Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1863), p. 10; David Mack Cooper,Obituary Discourse on Occasion of the Death of Noah Henry Ferry, Major of the Fifth Michigan Cavalry(New York: J. F. Trow, 1863), p. 30.

[34] Bacon,Memorial of William Kirkland Bacon, p. 57.关于预感，另参见Alonzo Abernethy, “Incidents of an Iowa Soldier’s Life, or Four Years in Dixie,”Annals of Iowa, 3d ser. 12(1920): 408。一个犹太士兵的例子，参见Gustave Poznanski的死亡报告，载于Charleston Daily Courier, June 18, 1862.关于预感以及更宏观的士兵死亡问题，参见James M. McPherson,For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War(New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 63—70。另参见Reid Mitchell,Civil War Soldiers(New York: Viking, 1988), pp. 63—64; L. L. Jones to Harriet Beach Jones, Herbert S.Hadley Papers, MOHS; W. D. Rutherford to Sallie Fair, July 26, 1861, W. D. Rutherford Papers, SCL。另参见E. S. Nash to HattieJones, August 19, 1861, Herbert S. Hadley Papers, MOHS; Wells, Facing the “King of Terrors,” pp. 162—163。

[35] J. C. Curtwright to Mr. and Mrs. Lovelace, April 24, 1862, in Lane, ed.,Dear Mother, p. 116. T. Fitzhugh to Mrs. Diggs, June 23, 1863, Captain William W. Goss File, 19th Virginia Infantry, CSA Collection, ESBL; Sallie Winfree to Mrs. Bobo, October 9, 1862, Henry Bobo Papers, CSA Collection, ESBL.

[36] T. J. Hodnett的话引自Davidson, ed.,War Was the Place, pp. 80, 76—77; Walter Pharr,Funeral Sermon on the Death of Capt. A. K.Simonton(Salisbury, N.C.: J. J. Bruner, 1862), p. 11; Elijah Richardson Craven,In Memoriam, Sermon and Oration…on the Occasion of the Death of Col. I. M. Tucker(Newark, N.J.: Protection Lodge, 1862), pp. 5—6。

[37] James B. Rogers,War Pictures: Experiences and Observations of a Chaplain in the U.S. Army, in the War of the Southern Rebellion(Chicago: Church & Goodman, 1863), p. 182; Guy R. Everson and Edward W. Simpson Jr.,Far, Far from Home: The Wartime Letters of Dick and Talley Simpson, 3rd South Carolina Volunteers(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 287; J. Monroe Anderson to the Sisters of Gen. Gregg, January 9, 1863, Maxcy Gregg Papers, SCL; John Weissert to Dearest Wife and Children, October 17, 1862, John Weissert Papers, Box 1, Correspondence Sept.–Oct. 1862, BHL.一个关于在遗体上寻找灵魂状态标志的天主教例子，参见Sister Catherine to Father Patrick Reilly, December 5, 1862, Patrick Reilly Papers, PAHRC。这封信将Bonaventure修女之死，描述为“甜蜜、平静且愉快”，并报告说，“她灵魂的平静与沉着在她的面容上有明显的体现”。

[38] L. S. Bobo to Dear Uncle, July 7, 1862, August 14, 1862, Bobo Papers, CSA Collection, ESBL; Cadenhead, “Some Confederate Letters of I. B. Cadenhead,” p. 568; E. and E. Nash to Respected Nephews in Camp, November 11, 1862, Alpheus S. Bloomfield Papers,LC.

[39] Frank Perry to J. Buchannon, September 21, 1862, in Lane, ed.,Dear Mother, p. 189.

[40] Frank Batchelor to Dear Wife, inBatchelor-Turner Letters: 1861—1864: Written by Two of Terry’s Texas Rangers, annotated by H. J. H. Rugeley (Austin, Tex.: Steck Co., 1961), p. 80.

[41] Sanford Branch to his mother, July 26, 1861, in Lane,Dear Mother, p. 36; Coco,Killed in Action, p. 91; Alonzo Hill,InMemoriam. A Discourse…on Lieut. Thomas Jefferson Spurr (Boston: J. Wilson, 1862); Davidson, ed.,War Was the Place. Chaplain Corby指出，几乎所有士兵在临死时都在呼唤着母亲。这一点被珍藏在了内战时期广为传唱的歌曲中：参见，例如Thomas MacKellar, “The Dying Soldier to His Mother”(New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.) Wolf 551, and C. A. Vosburgh, “Tell Mother, I Die Happy” (New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.), Wolf 2290。一首南部的歌曲，参见Charles C. Sawyer, “Mother Would Comfort Me!” (Augusta, Ga.: Blackmar & Bro., 186—).以从战场寄给母亲的消息为内容写成的歌曲如此之多，以致它们引起了一些诙谐的模仿与讽刺的回应。参见John C. Cross, “Mother on the Brain” (New York: H. De Marsan, n.d.), Wolf 1470, and Cross, “Mother Would Wallop Me” (New York: H. De Marsan, n.d.), Wolf 1437。除了那个南部的歌曲之外的全部这些歌曲，都载于American Song Sheet Collection, LCP。参见第六章。

[42] William W. Bennett,A Narrative of the Great Revival Which Prevailed in the Southern Armies(Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, 1877), pp. 243—244. T. Fitzhugh to Mrs. Diggs, June 23, 1863, Captain William W. Goss File, 19th Virginia Infantry, CSA Collection, ESBL.一封几乎用同样语言写成的信，参见：E.W. Rowe to J. W. Goss, December 16, 1863, CSA Collection, ESBL。

[43] Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.,Touched with Fire: Civil War Letters and Diary of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1861—1864, ed. Mark DeWolfe Howe (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969), p. 27; Holmes, Civil War Diary, Harvard Law School Library, Harvard University.

[44] A. D. Kirwan, ed.,Johnny Green of the Orphan Brigade: The Journal of a Confederate Soldier(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1956), p. 37; David Cornwell的话引自Earl J. Hess,The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), p. 143。

[45] Army and Navy Messenger, April 1, 1864, quoted in Berends, “Wholesome Reading”, p. 154.另参见Fales Henry Newhall,National Exaltation: The Duties of Christian Patriotism(Boston: John M. Hewes, 1861); William Adams, Christian Patriotism (New York: A. D. F. Randolph, 1863); Joseph Fransioli, Patriotism:A Christian Virtue (New York: Loyal Publication Society, 1863)。这些作品中的最后一个是天主教的。请注意Matilda Coskey修女对那位父亲的驳斥。后者拒绝让他受伤的儿子接受洗礼，坚称：“他已经为国而战了，这就足够了 ——他不应为他灵魂的命运担忧。”Sister Matilda Coskey to Father Patrick Reilly, October 18, 1864, Patrick Reilly Papers, PAHRC.

[46] William Preston Johnston to Wade Hampton, November 3, 1864; James Connor to Wade Hampton, November 6, 1864, Wade Hampton Papers, ESBL; N. A. Foster to William K.Rash, 52nd North Carolina, CSA Collection, ESBL.另一个关于勇气的讨论，参见Eleanor Damon Pace, ed., “The Diary and Letters of William P. Rogers, 1846—1862”,Southwestern Historical Quarterly 32 (April 1929): 299。

[47] George Barton,Angels of the Battlefiel(Philadelphia: Catholic Art Publishing Co., 1897), p. 181.

[48] Linderman提出了这个关于强迫的观点，参见Linderman,Embattled Courage, p. 30; Smith, ed., “Notes on Satterlee”, pp. 433—434; Berends, “Wholesome Reading”, p. 137。

[49] Hugh McLees to John, December 20, 1863, John McLees Papers, SCL; Berends, “Wholesome Reading,” p. 139, n21; Gache, Frenchman, 164.关于恶终，另参见Ralph Houlbrooke,Death, Religion and the Family, p. 207。

[50] Laderman,Sacred Remains, p. 99; Robert I. Alotta,Civil War Justice: Union Army Executions Under Lincoln(Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane Press, 1989); Charleston Mercury, September 18, 1863; John Ripley Adams,Memorial and Letters of John R.Adams, D.D. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1890), p. 123; Guilburton于1863年9月4日写的信，与Henry Robinson给妻子的信，均载于Lane, ed.,Dear Mother, pp. 263—264, 107。

[51] Corby,Memoirs, p. 248; Frances Milton Kennedy Diary, M-3008, entry for September 26, 1863, SHC.一些对于行刑的描述，参见Cooney, “War Letters of Father Peter PaulCooney”, p. 57。关于恶终，参见Edward Acton, “‘Dear Mollie’: Letters of Captain Edward Acton to His Wife, 1862,” ed. Mary Acton Hammond,Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography89 (January 1965): 28。

[52] Robert Kenzer, “The Uncertainty of Life: A Profile of Virginia’s Civil War Widows”,in Joan E. Cashin,The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 120; Clarke County Will Book E, 1860—1867, pp.129—130, Clarke County Courthouse, Berryville, Va.; Lane, ed.,Dear Mother, 108.参见N. Crosby, Financial Plans in Case of Death, GLC03046. N. Crosby to son, April 23, 1862, Gilder Lehrman Collection, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, NYHS。

[53] John Edwards, Noncuptative Will, April 3, 1862, dictated to Hill at the hospital of the 53rd Virginia Infantry regiment at Suffolk, VHS.感谢Frances Pollard引起了我对这一材料的关注。

[54] Burns Newman to Mr. Shortell, May 24, 1864, Michael Shortell Papers, WHS.另参见Disposition of Personal Effects of Dead Wisconsin Soldiers, 1863, Wisconsin Governor’s Papers, WHS。

[55]Daily South Carolinian, May 29, 1864.其他一些例子，参见W. W. Watts的讣告, August 23, 1864; H. L. Garlington的讣告, August13, 1864; Milton Cox的讣告, August 9, 1862; Joseph Friedenberg的讣告, September 15, 1862,以上均载于Daily South Carolinian; George Nichols的讣告载于Richmond Daily Whig, December 24, 1862; Walter Matthews的讣告载于Richmond Daily Dispatch, December 25, 1862; Isaac Valentine的讣告载于Charleston Daily Courier, June 18, 1862; Thomas B. Hampton [March 1865] in Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。

[56] Roland C. Bowen to Friend Ainsworth, September 28, 1862, in Gregory A. Coco, ed., From Ball’s Bluff to Gettysburg…and Beyond: The Civil War Letters of Private Roland E. Bowen, 15th Massachusetts Infantry, 1861—1864 (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1994), p. 124.

[57] Washington Davis的话引自Linderman, Embattled Courage, p.241。关于麻木，参见Drew Gilpin Faust, “A Riddle of Death”:Mortality and Meaning in the American Civil War, 34th Annual Robert Fortenbaugh Memorial Lecture (Gettysburg, Pa.: Gettysburg College, 1995), p. 21。

[58] Herman Melville, “The Armies of the Wilderness”, in Melville, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866), p. 103.

第二章 杀戮

[1]托尔斯泰（Tolstoy）的话引自Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman, On Killing:The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995), p. ix; Orestes Brownson, The Works of Orestes Brownson, ed. Henry F. Brownson (Detroit: T. Nourse, 1882—1887), vol. 17, p. 214。

[2] Grossman, On Killing, p. xiv.另参见Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-Face Killing in Twentieth-Century Warfare (New York: Basic Books, 1999)。

[3] Theophilus Perry的话引自Randolph B. Campbell, A Southern Community in Crisis: Harrison County, Texas, 1850—1880 (Austin:Texas State Historical Press, 1983), p. 239; [Mrs. Frances Blake Brockenbrough, ] A Mother’s Parting Words to Her Soldier Boy (Petersburg, Va.: Evangelical Tract Society, 186—), p. 3; Confederate Baptist, December 3, 1862; Knox Mellon Jr., ed., “Letters of James Greenalch,” Michigan History 44 ( June 1960 ):198—199; Christian Recorder, October 18, 1864。

[4] Scott的话引自Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 3, 1861, p. 178; T. Harry Williams, “The Military Leadership of the Northand the South”, U.S. Air Force Academy, Harmon Memorial Lectureno. 2, 1960, p. 6, online at www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usafa/harmon02.pdf。

[5] Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 18, 1861, p. 3.关于火的洗礼，另参见Joseph Allan Frank and George A.Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989)。关于童贞的语言常常被用来形容首次进行战斗。参见，例如，Creed Davis Diary, entry for May 11, 1864, VHS。关于士兵、杀戮与宗教，另参见Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers (New York: Viking, 1988), pp. 138—139。

[6] Hugh McLees to John McLees, March 18, 1864, McLees Family Papers, SCL; Oliver Norton的话引自James I. Robertson Jr., Soldiers Blue and Gray (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 220—221。

[7] “Sensations Before and During Battle,” clipping in George Bagby Scrapbook, 3:149, VHS; Charles Royster, The Destructive War:William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), p. 279.

[8] Byrd Charles Willis Journal, August 25, 1864, Diary Collection, ESBL.关于联邦死难者之被用战俘砍杀、被剥去头皮，参见T. I. McKenny to Earl Van Dorn, March 9, 1862,载于The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883—1901), ser. I, vol. 8, p. 194;参见，新罕布什尔州第5团的Thomas Livermore在安蒂特姆关于命令下属涂上颜料并带领他们发出战斗呐喊的报告，James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 123。

[9] Osmun Latrobe Diary, October 16, 1862, May 10, 1863, transcript at VHS, original in Latrobe Papers, MS 526, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore. Redman quoted in Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 234.关于对杀戮的热衷，参见Theodore Nadelson, Trained to Kill:Soldiers at War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 72; Drew Gilpin Faust, “‘We Should Grow Too Fond of It’: Why We Love the Civil War,” Civil War History 50 (December 2004):368; William Broyles, “Why Men Love War,” Esquire, November 1984, pp. 54—65; Bourke, Intimate History of Killing, p. 31; Earl J.Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), pp. 92—93.

[10] John W. De Forest, A Volunteer’s Adventures: A Union Captain’s Record of the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946), pp. 111—112; Mills Lane, ed., “Dear Mother: Don’t Grieve About Me.If I Get Killed, I’ll Only Be Dead”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), p. 156; Robertson, Soldiers Blue and Gray, 220; William White, July, 13, 1862, William White Collection, PAHRC.

[11] Henry Matrau, February 27, 1862, in Marcia Reid-Green, ed., Letters Home: Henry Matrau of the Iron Brigade (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 20.

[12] Bagby Scrapbook, vol. 2, p. 55, VHS.关于战友情谊之为战斗动机，参见James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997)。

[13]一些历史学者所引用的新来复枪射程长达1 000码，但弗吉尼亚大学（University of Virginia）的Gary W. Gallagher认为有效射程300码更有利于我们准确理解它的性能。我感谢他在这一问题上对我的帮助。James M. McPherson估计南部邦联军队中20%的士兵与联邦军队中的8%的士兵，都是应征入伍者或代人应征入伍者。McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), pp. 182—183。

[14] Grossman, On Killing, pp. 24—25.在S. L. A. Marshall关于二战中不开枪士兵的著作出版后，关于士兵射击速度的争论非常激烈。参见Grossman在第333页上对这些争论的回应。另参见S. L. A. Marshall, Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War (New York: Morrow, 1947)与John Keegan, The Face of Battle (New York: Viking Press, 1976)。

[15] Val C. Giles, Rags and Hope: The Recollections of Val C. Giles, Four Years with Hood’s Brigade, Fourth Texas Infantry, 1861—1865, ed. Mary Lasswell (New York: CowardMcCann, 1961), p.208.

[16] S. H. M. Byers, “How Men Feel in Battle: Recollections of a Privateat Champion Hills,” Annals of Iowa 2 ( July 1896): 449; Henry Abbott, July 6, 1863,载于Robert Garth Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991), p. 188; Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, pp. 55, 52。关于受伤，参见George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (New York: Henry Schuman, 1952), p. 113。

[17] Kenneth Macksey and William Woodhouse, eds., The Penguin Encyclopedia of Modern Warfare: 1850 to the Present Day (London: Penguin, 1991), p. 111.关于变化中的战斗性质与规模，另参见John Keegan, The Face of Battle (New York: Viking, 1976), pp. 285—336。关于战术，参见James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 474—476,与Brent Nosworthy, The Bloody Crucible of Courage: Fighting Methods and Combat Experience of the Civil War (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003)。

[18] William Drayton Rutherford to Sallie F. Rutherford, June 23, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL.关于要求，参见Gerald Smith, “Sharp-shooters”, in David and Jeanne Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the Civil War (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC Clio, 2000), vol. 4, p. 1743. “To the Sharp Shooters of Windham County”, August 19, 1861 (Bellows Falls, Vt.: Phoenix Job Office, 1861), reproduced inLetters from a Sharpshooter: The Civil War Letters of Private William B. Greene, 1861—1865, transcribed by William H. Hastings (Belleville, Wis.: Historic Publications, 1993), p. 4。

[19] Isaac Hadden to Brother, Wife and All, June 5, 1864, and June 12, 1864, Misc. Mss. Hadden, Isaac, NYHS; Henry Abbott to J. G. Abbott, July 6, 1863, in Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves p. 184.关于蛇，参见Richard Pindell, “The Most Dangerous Set of Men,” Civil War Times Illustrated, July–August 1993, p. 46。

[20] Petersburg paper引自William Greene to Dear Mother, June 26, 1864, in Letters from a Sharpshooter, p. 226; De Forest, Volunteer’s Adventures, p. 144.关于狙击手，另参见Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, pp. 106—107,与Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1977), p. 140。关于狙击及其个人性质，参见“On the Antietam”, Harper’s Weekly, January 3, 1863, reprinted in Kathleen Diffley, ed.,To Live and Die: Collected Stories of the Civil War (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), pp. 128—132.关于变化中的狙击技术，参见Ron Banks, “Death at a Distance,” Civil War Times Illustrated, March–April 1990, pp. 48—55。

[21] Howell Cobb to James A. Seddon, January 8, 1865, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 4, vol. 3, pp. 1009—1010; Mary Greenhow Lee Diary, April 3, 1864, WFCHS.

[22] Thomas R. Roulhac的话引自McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 566; Arkansas Gazette引自Gregory J. W. Urwin, “‘We Cannot Treat Negroes…as Prisoners of War’: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in Civil War Arkansas”, Civil War History 42 (September1996): 202—203; W. D. Rutherford to Sallie F. Rutherford, May 2, 1864, William D. Rutherford Papers, SCL; Urwin, “We Cannot Treat Negroes,” pp. 197, 203。皮洛堡事件是否是一场大屠杀，自从它发生以来便一直被人们争论着。最新的历史学著作令人信服地证明了，它的确是一场大屠杀。参见John Cimprich, Fort Pillow: A Civil War Massacre and Public Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005); John Cimprich and Robert C. Mainfort Jr., “The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Statistical Note”, Journal of American History 76 (December 1989):831—833; and Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2005)。关于伤亡统计数据，参见Cimprich, Fort Pillow, app. B, pp. 130—131, and table 7, p. 129.另参见联邦官方调查：U.S.Congress, House Report (serial 1206), “Fort Pillow Massacre,” 38thCong., 1st sess., no. 63, 1864。关于杀戮黑人士兵，另参见Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), pp. 462, 465, 487。

[23] George Gautier, Harder Than Death: The Life of George Gautier, an Old Texan (Austin, Tex.: n.p., 1902), pp. 10—11.

[24] John Edwards的话引自Urwin, “‘We Cannot Treat Negroes’”, p.205; Henry Bird to fiancée, August 4, 1864, Bird Family Papers, VHS, quoted in Chandra Miller Manning,“What This Cruel War Was Over: Why Union and Confederate Soldiers Thought They Were Fighting the Civil War”, Ph.D. diss. (Harvard University, 2002), p. 27。

[25] Seddon的话引自John David Smith, “Let Us All Be Grateful That We Have Colored Troops That Will Fight,” in John David Smith, ed., Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 45。参见Kirby Smith to Samuel Cooper, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. 21—22。

[26] William Marvel, Andersonville: The Last Depot (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 155.

[27] Christian Recorder, July 30, 1864, p. 121; April 30, 1864, p. 69; August 22, 1863, p. 133.

[28] W. E. B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America (1935; rpt. New York: Atheneum, 1969), p. 110; Christian Recorder, August 1, 1863, p. 126; Letter from Henry Harmon, Christian Recorder, November 7, 1863, p. 177; Alice Fahs, The Imagined Civil War:Popular Literature of North and South, 1861—1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p. 175.参见Andrew K. Black, “In the Service of the United States: Comparative Mortality Among African-American and White Troops in the Union Army,” Journal of Negro History 79, no. 4 (Autumn 1994): 317—327。

[29] Christian Recorder, August 15, 1863, p. 131.关于卡约,参见“The Funeral of Captain Andre Cailloux,” Harper’s Weekly, August29, 1863; “Funeral of a Negro Soldier”, Weekly Anglo-African (NewYork), August 15, 1863; James G. Hollandsworth Jr., Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience During the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995); Stephen J. Ochs, A Black Patriot and a White Priest: Andre Cailloux and Claude Paschal Maistre in Civil War New Orleans (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000)。

[30] “The Funeral of Captain Andre Cailloux”, Harper’s Weekly, August 29, 1863, p. 551;另参见Weekly Anglo-African, August 15, 1863。

[31] George E. Stephens的话引自Donald Yacovone, ed., A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), p. 203。

[32] “The Two Southern Mothers,” in Weekly Anglo-African, November 7, 1863.

[33] David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), pp.113, 115.科维的故事载于Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855; rpt. New York: Dover, 1969), pp. 246—249.

[34] Christian Recorder, February 20, 1864, p. 29; December 19, 1863, p. 203。

[35] Cordelia A. Harvey to Governor James Lewis, April 24, 1864, Cordelia A. Harvey Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison.

[36] Christian Recorder, April 30, 1864, p. 69; July 9, 1864, p. 110; February 4, 1865, p. 18.

[37] Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address”, in Lincoln: Speeches, Letters and Miscellaneous Writings, Presidential Messages and Proclamations (New York: Library of America, 1989), pp. 686—687.

[38] Aunt Aggy给Mary Livermore讲的这个故事,载于Livermore, My Story of the War (Hartford, Conn.: A. D. Worthington, 1889), p. 261。关于黑人的复仇,另参见Louisa May Alcott, “The Brothers,” Atlantic Monthly, November 1863, in Diffley, ed.,To Live and Die, pp. 191—208, and “Buried Alive,” Harper’s Weekly, May 7, 1864, in Diffley,Live and Die, pp. 284—288。

[39] Daniel M. Holt, A Surgeon’s Civil War: The Letters and Diary of Daniel M. Holt, M.D., ed. James M. Greiner, Janet L. Coryell, and James R. Smither (Kent, Ohio: Kent University Press, 1994), p. 188; Howells的话引自Gerald Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (New York: Free Press, 1987), p. 128; James Wood Davidson to C. V. Dargan, August 6, 1862, Clara Dargan MacLean Papers, RBMSC; Charles Kerrison to his cousin, July 19, 1862, Kerrison Family Papers, SCL;统计数字来自“Bull Run, First Battle of,” in Heidler and Heidler, eds. Encyclopedia of the Civil War, vol. 1, p. 316, “Shiloh, Battle of,” vol.4, p. 1779, and “Casualties,” vol. 1, pp. 373—374.另参见James McDonough, Shiloh: In Hell Before Night (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1977)。与Larry Daniel, Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997).关于南部邦联伤亡情况，参见The War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, vol. 27, pp. 338—346; Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 2.李在葛底斯堡的伤亡被他故意压低了，因此只能被估计。John W. Busey与David G. Martin推测为23 231, Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 4th ed. (Hightstown, N.J.: Longstreet House, 2005), p. 258; James M. McPherson认为在24000与28000之间; personal communication to the author, December 27, 2006。

[40] Colonel Luther Bradley to My dear Buel, January 5, 1863, letter in possession of Robert Bradley, Somerville, Mass.; Frank, “Seeing the Elephant,” p. 120; Henry C. Taylor to Father and Mother, October 1863, Henry C. Taylor Papers, WHS.

[41] William Stilwell to his Wife, September 18, 1862, in Mills Lane, ed., “Dear Mother: Don’t Grieve About Me. If I Get Killed, I’ll OnlyBe Dead ”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War(Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), pp. 184—185. Indiana soldier的话引自Hess, Union Soldier in Battle, p. 119; James B. Sheeran, Confederate Chaplain: A War Journal, ed. Joseph T. Durkin(Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1960), pp. 88—89; W. D.Rutherford to Sallie Rutherford, July 3, 1862, SCL; Robert Goldthwaite Carter, Four Brothers in Blue: or, Sunshine and Shadows of the War of the Rebellion (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), p. 325; James Wood Davidson to C. V. Dargan, August 6, 1862, Clara Dargan MacLean Papers, RBMSC; George G. Benedict, Army Life in Virginia: Letters from the Twelfth Vermont Regiment (Burlington, Vt.: Free Press Association, 1891), pp. 190—191.

[42] Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly Newspaper, May 24, 1862, p.98; Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs (1885; rpt. New York: Library of America, 1990), p. 238; L. Minor Blackford, Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: The Story of a Virginia Lady (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 213.关于踩在尸体上，参见Christian Recorder, July 18, 1863; L. S. Bobo to A. Bobo, July 7, 1862, Bobo Papers, CSA Collection, ESBL; Mary A.Newcomb, Four Years of Personal Reminiscences of the War (Chicago: H. S. Mills, 1893), p. 43; John Driscoll to Adelaide, April18, 1862, Gould Family Papers, WHS; Alexander G. Downing, Downing’s Civil War Diary (Des Moines: Historical Department of Iowa, 1916), p. 325。

[43] John O. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade (Guthrie, Okla.: State Capital Printing Co., 1893), p. 29; Thompson in Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg, the Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 54; Chauncey Herbert Cooke, A Soldier Boy’s Letters to His Father and Mother, 1861—1865 (Independence, Wis.: News-Office, 1915), p. 97; Pierc的话引自Gregory A. Coco, Killed in Action:Eyewitness Accounts of the Last Moments of 100 Union Soldiers Who Died at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1992), p. 112; Walker Lee to Dear Mother, June 15, 1862, in Laura Elizabeth Lee Battle, Forget-Me-Nots of the Civil War (St Louis: A.R. Fleming Printing Co., 1909), p. 355。

[44] Southern Churchman, June 26, 1862; John Weissert to Dearest Mother and Children, December 14, 1862, John Weissert Papers, Box 1, Correspondence Nov.–Dec. 1862, BHL; Henry L. Abbott to J.G. Abbott, October 17, 1863, in Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves, pp. 223—224; “Indifference of Soldiers to Death,” Christian Recorder, November 14, 1863, p. 184; Surgeon [name illegible] to Reverend Patrick Reilly, June 25, 1862, Patrick Reilly Papers, PAHRC; Henry Clay Trumble, War Memories of an Army Chaplain (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), pp. 158, 39; Isaac Hadden to his Kate, May24, 1864, Misc. Mss. Hadden, Isaac, NYHS; Charles Wainwright的话引自Allan Nevins, ed., A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861—1865 (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1962), p. 56; Wilbur Fisk的话引自Reid Mitchell, The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 157。

[45] Weymouth Jordan, ed., “Hugh Harris Robison Letters”, Journal of Mississippi History 1 (January 1939), p. 54; Elijah P. Petty, Journey to Pleasant Hill: The Civil War Letters of Captain Elijah P.Petty, Walker’s Texas Division, CSA, ed. Norman D. Brown (San Antonio: University of Texas, Institute of Texan Cultures, 1982), p.304; Angus Waddle to My dear Sister, March 6, 1862, Ellen Waddle McCoy Papers, MOHS; Katharine Prescott Wormeley, The Other Side of War: With the Army of the Potomac: Letters from the Headquarters of the United States Sanitary Commission Duringthe Peninsular Campaign in Virginia in 1862 (Boston: Ticknor &Co., 1889), p. 114.

[46] Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861—1865 (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 163; Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade, p. 89; Soldiers’ Almanac (Richmond, Va.: MacFarlane & Fergusson, 1863).

第三章 埋葬

[1] Board of Trustees of the Antietam National Cemetery, History of Antietam National Cemetery (Baltimore: J. W. Woods, 1869), p. 5.

[2] [Henry Raymond], “Editor’s Table”, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 8 (April 1854): 690, 691.

[3] Ibid., pp. 691, 693.关于尸体与死亡，参见Caroline Bynum, The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity (New York:Columbia University Press, 1995)与Bynum, Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion (New York: Zone Books, 1991)。

[4] Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861—1865 (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 274; Gage的话引自Gregory A. Coco, Wasted Valor: The Confederate Dead at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1990),p. 137; Wirt Armistead Cate, ed., Two Soldiers:The Campaign Diaries of Thomas J. Key, C.S.A., December 7, 1863—May 17, 1865 and Robert J. Campbell, U.S.A., January 1, 1864—July 21, 1864 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1938), p. 182; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, August 16, 1862, p. 334。

[5] Sutherland, Seasons of War, p. 76.

[6] A. P. Meylist to Edmund B. Whitman, June 10, 1868, Edmund B.Whitman, Letters and Reports Received, Record Group 92 E A1—397A, NARA; H. Clay Trumbull, War Memories of a Chaplain (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p.209.尤其参见“Soldiers Graves and Soldier Burials,” pp. 203—232。

[7] General Orders of the War Department, Embracing the Years 1861, 1862 & 1863 (New York: Derby & Miller, 1864), vol. 1, pp.158, 248.另 参 见James E. Yeatman, [Sanitary Commission, ]“Burial of the Dead,” printed circular, September 20, 1861, William Greenleaf Eliot Collection, MOHS; Erna Risch, Quartermaster Support of the Army: A History of the Corps, 1775—1939(Washington, D.C.: United States Army, 1989), p. 464。

[8] Horace H. Cunningham, Field Medical Services at the Battles of Manassas (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1968), p. 48; Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States, 1862 (Atlanta:James McPherson & Co., 1862).

[9] Report of Colonel Henry A. Weeks, 12th New York Infantry, May 28, 1862, The Warof the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armie(Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office, 1884), ser. 1, vol. 11/1, p. 725;Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, February 28, 1863, p. 366; Christian Recorder, May 21, 1864, p. 83; Richard F. Miller and Robert F.Mooney, The Civil War: The Nantucket Experience: Including the Memoirs of Josiah Fitch Murphey (Nantucket: Wesco PublishingCo., 1994), p. 107.

[10]许多关于安蒂特姆战役的描述，都声称死难者是在21日之前被埋葬的，但Holt的话反驳了这点。Daniel M. Holt, A Surgeon’s Civil War: The Letters and Diary of Daniel M. Holt, M.D., ed. James M. Greiner, Janet L. Coryell, and James R. Smither (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994), p. 28; Mrs. H. [AnnaM. E. Holstein], Three Years in Field Hospitals in the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1867), p. 11。

[11] James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 4; W. D. Rutherford to Sallie Rutherford, May 21, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL.（这个例子与这一部分其他例子都不来自安蒂特姆战役,而是来自1864年的斯波齐尔韦尼亚战役。）另参见Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead: The Story of Those Who Died at Antietamand South Mountain (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992), p. 10。

[12] Stotelmyer, Bivouacs of the Dead, pp. 9, 5.

[13] Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg, the Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 313; Gerard A. Patterson, Debris of Battle: The Wounded of Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1997), p. 28; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land., pp. 60, 64.关于工具之缺乏,另参见Richard Coolidge to Major General W. A. Hammond, September 4, 1862, Papers of George A. Otis, RG 94 629A, NARA。

[14] W. B. Coker to his Brother, July 28, 1861, in Mills Lane, ed., “DearMother: Don’t Grieve About Me. If I Get Killed, I’ll Only Be Dead ”: Letters from Georgia Soldiers in the Civil War (Savannah, Ga.: Beehive Press, 1990), p. 40;Official Record, ser. 1, vol. 27, p. 79, cited in Gerard A. Patterson, Debris of Battle: The Wounded of Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1997), p. xi; Theodore Fogel to his parents, September 28, 1862, in Lane, ed., Dear Mother, p. 190.

[15] John A. Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel: The Autobiography of a Soldier and Surgeon (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1914), p. 254; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, November 14, 1863, p. 124; Frank Oakley的反映载于Cynthia to My Dear Father, August 22, 1862, Frank Oakley Papers, WHS。

[16]引文来自Joseph Allan Frank and George A. Reaves, “Seeingthe Elephant”: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), p. 122。

[17] Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 89; Stotelmyer, Bivouacs of the Dead, p. 4; Frank and Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”, 123; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 127; Earl J. Hess, The Union Soldier in Battle: Enduring the Ordeal of Combat (Lawrence:University Press of Kansas, 1997), p. 41; Cyrus F. Boyd, The Civil War Diary of Cyrus F. Boyd, Fifteenth Iowa Infantry 1861—1863, ed. Mildred Throne (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Reprint Co., 1953), pp. 41—42; H. Clay Trumbull, War Memories of an Army Chaplain (NewYork: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p. 209; Robert Zaworski, Headstones of Heroes: The Restoration and History of Confederate Graves in Atlanta’s Oakland Cemetery (Paducah, Ky.: Turner Publishing Co. 1997), p. 7.

[18] New York Herald, September 7, 1862; James Eldred Phillips Diary, entry for May 1863, p. 16, VHS.关于家猪,参见,例如Sutherland, Seasons of War, pp. 193, 228; William D. Rutherford to Sallie Fair, August 26, 1861, Rutherford Papers, SCL。

[19] “Burials”, Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1, no. 20 (August 15, 1864): 623; R. A. Wilkinson to M. F. Wilkinson, July 8, 1862, Wilkinson-Stark Family Papers (mss. 255), The Historic New Orleans Collection, New Orleans; Hardin的话引自Frank and Reaves, “Seeing the Elephant ”, p. 122.

[20] William Corby, Memoirs of Chaplain Life: Three Years Chaplain in the Famous Irish Brigade, “Army of the Potomac” (Notre Dame, Ind.: Scholastic Press, 1894), p. 91; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 119; Wyeth, With Sabre and Scalpel, p. 248; Holt, Surgeon’s Civil War, pp. 190, 103.

[21] William Gore, February 25, 1865, BV Gore, William B., NYHS. Edgar Allan Poe在其广受欢迎的短故事中，写了很多关于担心在活着的时候就被埋葬的文字。参见，例如，“The Premature Burial” and “The Fall of the House of Usher”, in Stephen Peithman, ed., The Annotated Tales of Edgar Allan Poe (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981).另参见Timothy Trend Blade, “Buried Alive!” American Cemetery, September 1991, pp. 34—54。

[22] Gregory A. Coco, Killed in Action: Eyewitness Accounts of the Last Moments of 100 Union Soldiers Who Died at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1992), p. 34.

[23] Cate, ed., Two Soldiers, p. 93; Houghton的话引自Coco, Killed in Action, pp. 44—45; Fannie A. Beers, Memories: A Record of Personal Experience and Adventure During Four Years of War (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1888), p. 83。

[24] Trumbull, War Memories of a Chaplain, p. 219.

[25] J. W. McClure to My Dearest Kate, August 17, 1864, McClure Family Papers, SCL.

[26] Sutherland, Seasons of War, pp. 160—161; Charles Kerrison to My Dear Sister, May 19, 1864, Kerrison Family Papers, SCL; GeorgeR. Gauthier, Harder Than Death: The Life of George R. Gauthier, an Old Texan (Austin, Tex.: n.p., 1902), p. 15; Oliver Wendell Holmes, “My Hunt After ‘The Captain’”, Atlantic 10 (December 1862), p. 743.

[27]Narrative of Privations and Sufferings of United States Officersand Soldiers WhilePrisoners of War in the Hands of Rebel Authorities, Being the Report of a Commission of Inquiry, Appointed by the United States Sanitary Commission (Philadelphia: King & Baird, 1864), p. 159; Holt, Surgeon’s CivilWar, p. 63.

[28] Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 49.关于死亡与内战战马，参见Drew Gilpin Faust, “Equine Relics of the Civil War”, Southern Cultures 6 (Spring 2000): 23—49。

[29] Hollywood Cemetery, Records, 1847—1955, VHS; Mary H. Mitchell, Hollywood Cemetery: The History of a Southern Shrine (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1985), p. 48.

[30] Benedict Anderson,Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1991).

[31] Jo h n T ho m p son, “T he Bu ria l o f La tané,” on line a t w w w. civi l wa r poe t r y.o r g/ con fe d era te/officers/latane.htm参见Drew Gilpin Faust, “Race, Gender and Confederate Nationalism: Wi l lia m D. Wa shing ton’ s Bu ria l o f La tané,” in Fau s t, Sou t h er n S to rie s:S lave ho l d er s in Pea ce and War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), pp. 148—159。

[32] Faust, “Race, Gender and Confederate Nationalism”, pp. 149—151.

[33] Harper’s Weekly, October 11, 1862, p. 655; Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 11; John W. Schildt, Antietam Hospitals (Chewsville, Md.: Antietam Publications, 1987), p. 14.

[34] Flora McCabe to Dearest Maggie, January 26, 1862, Flora Morgan McCabe Collection, LC.关于对认错了尸体的担忧，另参见Friedrich Hartmann to Sarah Ogden, September 10, 1863, Sarah Ogden Correspondence and Ephemera, GLC6559.01.114, Gilder Lehrman Collection, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, NYHS。

[35] Patterson, Debris, p. 173; 另参见, “Yorktown,” New York Herald, April 30, 1862; Robert E. Denney, Civil War Medicine: Care and Comfort of the Wounded (New York:Sterling Publishers, 1994), p.58; W. White to Dear Parents, June 21, 1862, William White Papers, PAHRC。

[36]参见Pennsylvania State Agency, December 10, 1863, Record Book, November 1863—December 1864, NYHS; New England Soldiers Relief Association Papers, RG 94, p. 800, NARA.关于Central Association，参见T. N. Dawkins to J. W. McClure, December 4, 1864, McClure Papers, SCL; Louisiana Soldiers Relief Association and Hospital (Richmond, Va.: Enquirer Bookand Job Office, 1862), p.30.关于来自单一一个社区的帮助，参见Robert V. Wells, Facing the “King of Terrors”: Death and Society in an American Community, 1750—1990 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 129。

[37]关于美国卫生委员会，参见“Burials,” Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1, no. 20 (August 15, 1864): 623; “Rev. Mr.Hoblitt on Nashville Hospitals,” Sanitary Reporter, 1, no. 5 ( July 15, 1863): 34; “The Commission on the James River and the Appomattox,” Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1, no. 18 ( July 15, 1864): 567.关于卫生委员会与埋葬，参见[Holstein], Three Years in Field Hospitals, p. 71; J. S. Newberry, “Report of the Hospital Directory”, Sanitary Reporter 1, no. 11 (October 15, 1863): 81。

[38] Chattanooga, Tenn., Disinterments from March to September1864, Telegrams from January to July 1864, ms. vol. bd., Box 284.1, folder 3, p. 119, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

[39] Mary C. Brayton, October 15, 1864, J. S. Moore, November 2, 1864, Chattanooga, Tenn., Orders for Disinterment and Removal of Bodies, September 1864—February 1865, Box 284.1, folder 5, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

[40] “Soldiers’ Cemetery at Belle Plain Va May 23 1864”, Box 192.3, folder 4; “Plot of Soldiers’ Cemetery, Port Royal Va 28 May 1864,” Box 192.3, folder 5, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

[41] Cornelius的话引自Christine Quigley, The Corpse: A History (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1963), p. 55。参见Cain and Cornelius Ledger, 1859, 1862, RBMSC。

[42] “The Terrible Telegram,” March 18, 1863; Henry I. Bowditch to My Own Sweet Wife [Olivia Yardley Bowditch], March 19, 1863,均引自Manuscripts Relating to Lieutenant Nathaniel Bowditch, vol. 2, pp.98, 92, Nathaniel Bowditch Memorial Collection, MAHS。

[43] Henry I. Bowditch, A Brief Plea for an Ambulance System for the Army of the United States (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1863), pp. 6, 15.

[44] Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, pp. 114—115, 110;命令引自Christian Recorder, August 1, 1863, p. 1。

[45] Alexander的话引自Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 50;另参见pp. 371—372, 381。

[46] Receipt, August 15, 1862, Goodwin Family Papers, MAHS; Alvin F. Harlow, Old Waybills: The Romance of the Express Companies (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1934), p. 299.另参见Stillman King Wightman, “In Search of My Son,” American Heritage 14 (February 1963), pp. 64—78。

[47] Stotelmyer, Bivouacs of the Dead, p. 15.

[48] Staunton Transportation Company, “Transportation of the Dead!” (Gettysburg, Pa.: H. J. Stahle, 1863), broadside, LCP.

[49] Robert W. Habenstein and William M. Lamers, The History of American Funeral Directing (Milwaukee: Bulfin Printers, 1955), pp.33—335.

[50]关于Ellsworth，参见Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Magazine, June 1, 1861, pp. 40—41.关于尸体防腐术，另参见Michael Sappol,A Traffic of Dead Bodies: Anatomy and Embodied Social Identity in Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002)。

[51] Charlotte Elizabeth McKay, Stories of Hospital and Camp (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, 1876), p. 47

[52] Richmond Enquirer, June 2, 1863, p. 2; December 4, 1863, p. 3; Charles R. Wilson, “The Southern Funeral Director: Managing Deathin the New South,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 67 (Spring 1983):53.

[53] Habenstein and Lamers, History of American Funeral Directing, pp. 330, 334.另参 见Gary Laderman, The Sacred Remains:American Attitudes Towards Death, 1799—1883 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996)与Karen Pomeroy Flood, “Contemplating Corpses: The Dead Body in American Culture, 1870—1920,” Ph.D.diss. (Harvard University, 2001)。

[54] George A. Townsend, Rustics in Rebellion: A Yankee Reporteron the Road to Richmond, 1861—1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1950), pp. 121—122, 153—154.

[55] Hardie to Provost Marshal General, City Point, November 23, 1864, M619, 2195, S1864 Roll 309, NARA; Turner and Baker Files, November 8, 1864, 363-B, M797, Roll 130, NARA; R. Burr to Brig. Gen. M. R. Patrick, November 21, 1864, M619 2195 S1864 Roll309, NARA.

[56] War Department, Quartermaster General’s Office, Compilation of Laws, Orders, Opinions, Instructions, Etc. in Regard to National Military Cemeteries (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1878), p. 5.另参见Monro MacCloskey, Hallowed Ground: Our National Cemeteries (New York: Richard Rosens Press, 1968), p.24。

[57] Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).

[58] Trumbull, War Memories of a Chaplain, p. 209.

[59] Bowditch, BriefPlea, p. 15.

[60]“纳特”，即前文“纳撒尼尔”的昵称。——译注

[61]“大赚一笔”（“make a killing”），字面意思为“制造屠杀”。——译注

第四章 寻名

[1] Walt Whitman, Specimen Days (1882; rpt. Boston: David Godine, 1971), p. 60.

[2] Caroline Alexander, “Letter from Vietnam: Across the River Styx”, New Yorker, October 25, 2004, p. 44.另参见Michael Sledge, Soldier Dead: How We Recover, Identify, Bury, and Honor Our Military Fallen (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004)。

[3] Mark Crawford, Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Clio, 1999), p. 68,所引用的数据为，在104, 556名在这场战争中作战的美国士兵中，有13768人死亡。这些死亡中只有八分之一同战斗相关，其余则同疾病有关。

[4] U.S. War Department, General Orders of the War Department (New York: Derby & Miller, 1864), vol. 1, pp. 158, 248; “Return of Deceased Soldiers” and “Field Returns”, paras. 451, 452, 453, in Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States, 1862 (Atlanta: James McPherson & Co., 1862); Samuel P. Moore, August 14, 1862, in Wayside Hospital, Charleston, Order and Letter Book, SCL; Charleston Mercury, January 27, 1864; Edward Steere, The Graves Registration Service in World War II, Quartermaster Historical Studies no. 21, Historical Section, Office of the Quartermaster General (Washington, D.C.: Government PrintingOffice, 1951), pp.—5.关于半岛战役中南部邦联伤亡报告之不充分，参见The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 188—1901) ser. 1, vol. 11, pt. 2, pp. 559, 760, 775, 501—502。

[5] Sarah J. Palmer to Harriet R. Palmer, September 5, 1862, Palmer Family Papers, SCL; F. S. Gillespie to Mrs. Carson, July 5, 1864, Carson Family Papers, SCL.

[6] Elvira J. Powers, Hospital Pencillings: Being a Diary While in Jefferson General Hospital (Boston: Edward L. Mitchel, 1866), p.19.关于牧师，参见Warren B. Armstrong,For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying: Union Chaplains in the Civil War(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), p. 134n98,这本书在这里引用了坎伯兰军区助理医疗主任1864年的一则命令。牧师数量参见Steven E. Woodworth, While God Is Marching On: The Religious World of Civil War Soldiers (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001), p. 148。

[7] Daily South Carolinian, June 16, 1864.

[8] Daily South Carolinian, July 22, 1863; F. S. Gillespie to Mrs.Carson; Mathew Jack Davis Narrative, “War Sketches,” CAH; Joseph Willett to Dear Sister, June 6, 1864, Misc. Mss. Cummings, NYHS; Henry W. Raymond, ed., “Extracts from the Journal of Henry J. Raymond II”, Scribner’s Monthly 19 (January 1880): 419—20; Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead (Baltimore:Toomey Press, 1992), p. 17.

[9]关于信件，参见W. D. Rutherford to Sallie Fair Rutherford, June 5, 1864, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL。

[10] J. W. Hoover to Mr. Kuhlman, September 8, 1864, J. W. Hoover Papers, WHS; Reverend Lemuel Moss, Annals of the United States Christian Commission (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1868), pp.411, 506.关于葛底斯堡战役后的信件，参见Andrew Boyd Cross, “The Battle of Gettysburg and the Christian Commission”, in Daniel J. Hoisington, ed., Gettysburg and the Christian Commission ([Roseville, Minn.]: Edinborough Press, 2002), p. 59。一刀相当于24或25张同样大小同样材质的纸。

[11] Moss, Annals, pp. 512, 487—488, 563, 475.参见U.S. Christian Commission, Record of Letters Written for Soldiers, Army of the Potomac, 1865, RG 94 E 746与U.S. Christian Commission, Abstracts of Letters Written for Sick and Wounded Soldiers, Army of the Potomac, 1864—1865, RG 94 E745, NARA。

[12] Moss, Annals, pp. 409, 439—440.参见U.S. Christian Commission, Letters Received, Individual Relief Department, 1864—1865 RG 94E748, NARA; U.S. Christian Commission, Record of Inquiries, Central Office, 186—1865 RG 94 E743, NARA。

[13] U.S. Christian Commission, Death Register, 1864—1865, October 6, 1864; October 9, 1864; October 8, 1864; September 19, 1864; October 3, 1864; November 3, 1864; October 18, 1864, RG 94E797, NARA.

[14] Moss, Annals, pp. 508, 439. U.S. Christian Commission, Record of the Federal Dead Buried from Libby, Belle Isle, Danville and Camp Lawton Prisons and at City Point and in the Field Before Petersburg and Richmond (Philadelphia: J. B. Rodgers, 1866).参见U.S. Christian Commission, Correspondence Concerning “Record of the Federal Dead”, RG 94 E795, NARA。

[15] C ha r le s J. S ti l lé, Hi s to r y o f t he U ni te d S ta te s Sani ta r y Co m mi s sion (Ne w Yo r k: Hurd & Houghton, 1868), p. 451; George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), chap. 7; Judith Ann Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women’s Politics in Transition (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000); Jeanie Attie, Patriotic Toil:Northern Women and the American Civil War (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998); William Quentin Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the United States Sanitary Commission (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1956).

[16] Stillé, History of Sanitary Commission, pp. 287, 308.

[17] Ibid., p. 309; John Herrick to Frederick Law Olmsted, December14, 1862, Washington Hospital Directory Archives, Letters of Inquiry, Box 192.2, folder 3, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

[18] Sanitary Reporter, January 15, 1864, p. 135.

[19] Stillé, History of Sanitary Commission, p. 309; Howard A. Martinto H. A. de France, July 4, 1863, John Bowne to H. A. de France, July 9, 1863, July 16, 1863, and July 21, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 1, Box 596, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL; H. A. de France to Jos. P. Holbrook, July 27, 1863 and July 18, 1863, Washington Hospital Directory Archives, Box 195.1, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

[20] Richard Deering, June 13, 1864, Louisville Hospital Directory Archives, Chattanooga, Special Inquiries, April 8, 1864, to August 25, 1864, Box 284.2, folder 1, p. 58; Report of Hospital Directory, July 9, 1864, Washington Hospital Directory Archives, Box 192.3, folder 12, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL; “The Hospital Directory”, Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1 (December 15, 1863):109.

[21] Report of Hospital Directory, July 9, 1864, Washington Hospital Directory Archives, Box 192.3, folder 12, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.关于伤亡数字，参见James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 742。

22Peter Williams to Dear Sir, March 28, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 1, Box 596, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL. Susannah Hampton to Dear Sir, September 14, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 2, Box 597, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

23 Mrs. Biddy Higgins to Sir, December 16, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 2, Box 597, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

24 John Bowne to John W. Wilson, December 17, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 2, Box 597, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

25 Stillé, History of Sanitary Commission, pp. 310, 309.

26 Louisiana Soldiers’ Relief Association and Hospital in the City of Richmond, Virginia (Richmond, Va.: Enquirer Book and Job Press, 1862), p. 30; Kurt O. Berends, “‘Wholesome Reading Purifies and Elevates the Man’: The Religious Military Press in the Confederacy”,in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds., Religion and the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 147.

27 P. Hunter to Oliver H. Middleton, July 27, 1864; Henry W. Richardsto Oliver H. Middleton, December 19, 1864; E. W. Mikell to Colonel B. H. Rutledge, June 21, 1864,均来自Middleton-Blake Papers, SCHS。

28 Harper’s Weekly, September 3, 1864, p. 576.

29 W. H. Fowler, Guide for Claimants of Deceased Soldiers (Richmond, Va.: Geo. P. Evans & Co., 1864), pp. 66, 17; Megan McClintock, “Civil War Pensions and the Reconstruction of Union Families”, Journal of American History 83 (September 1996): 456—480; Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge; Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 106—107.

30 Daily South Carolinian, May 17, 1864; W. D. Rutherford, telegramto Sallie F. Rutherford, July 6, 1862, William Drayton Rutherford Papers, SCL.

31 Gregory Coco, Killed in Action: Eyewitness Accounts of the Last Moments of 100 Union Soldiers Who Died at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1992), p. 76; Harper’s Weekly, August 1, 1863, p. 495, and September 3, 1864, p. 576.Murphey的话引自Richard F. Miller, and Robert F. Moore, The Civil War: The Nantucket Experience, Including the Memoirs of Josiah Fitch Murphey (Nantucket, Mass.: Wesco Publishing, 1994), p. 80。

32 Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001), p. 41.

33 Katharine Prescott Wormeley, The Other Side of War: With the Army of the Potomac. Letters from the Headquarters of the United States Sanitary Commission During thePeninsular Campaign in Virginia in 1862 (Boston: Ticknor & Co. 1889), p. 145; Clara Barton, Journal, 1863, Clara Barton Papers, LC; T. J. Weatherly Diary, 1864—1865, SCL.

[34] Walt Whitman, Memoranda During the War (1875; rpt. Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1993), p. 5; Edwin Haviland Miller, ed., Walt Whitman: The Correspondence (New York: New YorkUniversity Press, 1961), vol. 1, p. 59; Walt Whitman, “A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim”, Civil War Poetry and Prose(New York: Dover, 1995), p. 16; Whitman, Memoranda, p. 36; M.Wynn Thomas, “Fratricide and Brotherly Love: Whitman and the CivilWar”, in Ezra Greenspan, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Walt Whitman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 35.

[35] Times的话引自Thomas, “Fratricide and Brotherly Love”, pp. 32—33; James Perrin Warren, “Reading Whitman’s Postwar Poetry,” in Greenspan, ed., Cambridge Companion to Whitman, p. 46; Whitma n, Memoranda, pp. 65—67; Miller, ed., Whitman:Correspondence, vol. 1, p. 259。

[36] Walt Whitman, “Come Up from the Fields Father”, in Civil War Poetry and Prose, pp. 12—14.另参见Walt Whitman, The Wound Dresser, ed. Richard Maurice Bucke (Boston: Small Maynard & Co., 1898); John Harmon McElroy, ed.,The Sacrificial Years: A Chronicle of Walt Whitman’s Experiences in the Civil War (Boston: David Godine, 1999); Roy Morris Jr., The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)。

[37] O’Neal的话引自Gregory A. Coco, Gettysburg’s Confederate Dead (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 2003), p. 15。

[38] Daily South Carolinian, July 21, 1864.这些是由这位卡罗来纳人“从里士满的报纸”抄录下来的。New York Daily News, February 5, 1864, February 4, 1864, January 8, 1864。

[39] Oliver Wendell Holmes, “My Hunt After ‘The Captain’”, Atlantic Monthly 10 (December 1862): 764.

[40] Robert E. Lee to Joseph Hooker, February 14, 1863; Joseph Hooker to Robert E. Lee, February 16, 1863; Robert E. Lee to Fanny Scott, February 18, 1863; Charles S. Venable to Fanny Scott, April 1, 1863; William Alexander Hammond to Robert E. Lee, March 23, 1863; Thomas M. R. Talcott to Fanny Scott, April 18, 1963; E. A. Hitchcock to Fanny Scott, July 25, 1865,均来自Scott Family Papers, VHS。对一个相应事例 ——即南部邦联将军James Longstreet对一个寻找儿子的北方妇女的帮助 ——的描述，参见Mrs. T. B. Hurlbut to Clara Barton, September 26, 1865, Clara Barton Papers, LC。

[41] Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 48; Robert G. Carter, Four Brothers in Blue (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978), pp. 324—325.

[42]关于死亡促进团结的力量，参见David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 2001)与Drew Gilpin Faust, “The Civil War Soldier and the Art of Dying”, Journal of Southern History 67(February 2001): 5。

[43] Mrs. R. L. Leach to Clara Barton, March 28, 1874, Clara Barton Papers, LC; Gregory Coco, Wasted Valor: The Confederate Dead at Gettysburg (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1990), p. 141.Sébastien Japrisot以此为基础的电影与小说A Very Long Engagement，以一战为背景讲述了一个失踪士兵在被找到时已患有遗忘症的故事。

[44] Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs to Surgeon General, September 19, 1868, Office of the Quartermaster General, Consolidated Correspondence File, 179—1915, Portrait of Unknown Soldier, RG 92, Box 1173, NARA, Mrs. Jenny McConkey to Meigs, November 4, 1868; Ellen Hardback to Meigs, October 26, 1868; Mrs. J. P. Coppersmith to Meigs, November 30, 1868; James M. Truitt to Meigs, November 6, 1868, all ibid.参见“An Unknown Soldier,” Harper’s Weekly, October 24, 1868, p. 679。

[45] Charles H. Morgan to J. M. Taylor, October 2, 1864; J. M. Taylor to Doct. J. F. Walton, October 12, 1864; J. M. Taylor to Lieutenant Colonel W. F. Bennett, October 30, 1864; J. M. Taylor to Captain Vliet, November 17, 1864; J. M. Taylor to Captain R. H. Spencer, November 22, 1864; Captain N. M. Clark to J. M. Taylor, December27, 1864; J. M. Taylor to Captain H. K. Edwards [December 1864]; J. M. Taylor to L. F. Davis, February 5, 1865; Henry C. Taylor to Alonzo Taylor, August 16, 1863,均来自Henry Clay Taylor Papers, WHS。

[46] Lonnie R. Speer, Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1997), p. 16.关于统计数据，参见James M. McPherson, personal communication to the author, December 27, 2006。另参见Narrative of Privations and Sufferings of United States Officers and Soldiers While Prisoners of War in the Hands of Rebel Authorities (Philadelphia: King & Baird, 1864); James Canon, Diary, WHS; William Best Hesseltine, Civil War Prisons: A Study in Psychology (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1930); Charles W. Sanders, While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military Prisons of the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005)。

[47] Bob to J. M. Taylor, April 3, 1895, Henry Clay Taylor Papers, WHS.

[48] “The Sanitary Movement in European Armies,” Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1 (April 15, 1864): 354, 353.关于这一新兴的人道主义，参见论述更为宏观的David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1975), and David Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984)。

第五章 接受

[1] Abraham Lincoln, “Special Session Message, July 4, 1861”, in James D. Richardson, ed., Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (New York: Bureau of National Literatureand Art, 1908), vol. 6, p. 30.

[2]关于葛底斯堡，参见Margaret Creighton, The Colors of Courage:Gettysburg’s Forgotten History: Immigrants, Women, and African Americans in the Civil War’s Defining Battle (New York: Basic Books, 2005), pp. 121—122. Kathleen Ernst, Too Afraid to Cry:Maryland Civilians in the Antietam Campaign (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1999), p. 186; Albertus McCreary, “Gettysburg: A Boy’s Experience of the Battle,” McClure’s Magazine33 (July 1909): 243—53; Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg: The Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 338 (维克斯堡死亡数量).关于巴吞鲁日，参见Sarah Morgan Dawson, A Confederate Girl’s Diary: Sarah Morgan Dawson (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co, 1913), p. 5。关于纳奇兹，参见Mel Young, Where They Lie: The Story of the Jewish Soldiers of the North and South (Lanham, Md.:University Press of America), p. 28。同维克斯堡相关的引文，参见John T. Trowbridge,The South: A Tour of Its Battlefields and Ruined Cities(Hartford, Conn.: L. Stebbins, 1866),p. 358。另参见Willene Clark, ed., Valleys of the Shadow: The Memoir of Confederate Captain Reuben G. Clark (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), p. 16。关于炮轰彼得斯堡，参见J. W. McClure to My dearest Kate, J. W. McClure Papers, SCL。关于军工厂爆炸，参见Richmond Enquirer, March 17, 1863。关于那位北方士兵的引文，参见Oscar O. Winter, ed., With Shermanto the Sea: Civil War Letters, Diaries and Reminiscences of Theodore F. Upson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1943), p. 144。

[3] Petition of Citizens of Danville, Virginia, to the Confederate Secretary of War, February 1, 1864, quoted in Robert E. Denney, Civil War Medicine: Care and Comfort of the Wounded (New York: Sterling, 1994), p. 5; Report of the Board of Health of the City and Port of Philadelphia to the Mayor for 1861 (Philadelphia: JamesGibbons, 1862), p. 10; William T. Wragg, “Report on the Yellow Fever Epidemic at Wilmington, N.C., in the Autumn of 1862,” Confederate Medical and Surgical Journal 1 (February 1864): 17—18; Ted Alexander, “Destruction, Disease and Death: The Battle of Antietam and the Sharpsburg Civilians,” Civil War Regiments 6, no.2 (1998): 158.另参见J. Matthew Gallman, Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia During the Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), and Frank H. Taylor, Philadelphia in the Civil War 1861—1865 (Philadelphia: The City, 1913)。

[4] Gaines Foster, “The Limitations of Federal Health Care for Freedmen, 1862—1868,” Journal of Southern History 48 (August1982), pp. 353 (引文), 356—367 (估计)。参见Thavolia Glymph, “‘This Species of Property’: Female Slave Contrabands in the Civil War”, in Edward D. C. Campbell and Kym S. Rice, eds., A Woman’s War: Southern Women, Civil War, and the Confederate Legacy (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), pp. 55—71.

[5] Jestin Hampton to Thomas B. Hampton, October 8, 1862, Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH; Caleb Cope et al., “An appeal in behalf of the Refugee Woman and Children concentrating in and about Nashville, Tennessee, December 23, 1864” (Philadelphia, 1864), printed circular, Civil War Miscellanies (McA 5786.F), McAllister Collection, LCP;关于Randolph County petition，参见Ira Berlin et al., eds., Free At Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War (New York: New Press, 1992), p. 150; Mary H. Legge to Harriet Palmer, July 3, 1863, Palmer Family Papers, SCL; Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), p. 247。

[6] Paul E. Steiner, Disease in the Civil War: Natural Biological Warfare in 1861—1865 (Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas, 1968), p. 35; Mary H. Mitchell,Hollywood Cemetery: The History of a Southern Shrine (1985; rpt. Richmond: Library of Virginia, 1999), p. 50; Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), p. 419.

[7] “IN MEMORIAM”, Sanitary Commission Bulletin 1 (August 15, 1864):615; Frank Moore,Women of the War: Their Heroism and Self-Sacrific(Hartford, Conn.: S. S. Scranton, 1867), pp. 390, 53; Mary Denis Maher, To Bind Up the Wounds: Catholic Sister Nurses in the U.S. Civil War (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989).

[8] Mary Boykin Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 199, 209—211; Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861—1865 (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 73; Winthrop D. Jordan, Tumult and Silence at Second Creek: An Inquiry into a Civil War Slave Conspiracy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993); Elvira J. Powers, Hospital Pencillings (Boston: Edward L. Mitchell, 1866), p. 71; Kym S. Riceand Edward D. C. Campbell, “Voices from the Tempest: Southern Women’s Wartime Experiences,” in Campbell and Rice, eds., AWoman’s War, pp. 103—106.

[9] Leslie M. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626—1863 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 279—288; Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990). Adrian Cook, The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974),死者与伤者名单，见于pp. 213—232。

[10] 10. Noel C. Fisher, War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in Eastennessee, 1860—1869 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 85, 74; Phillip Paludan, Victims: A True Story of the Civil War (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1981); Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflictin Missouri During the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Daniel E. Sutherland, ed., Guerrillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Homefront (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999).

[11] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “Killed at the Ford,” Atlantic 17(April 1866): 479.

[12] Marjorie Ann Rogers, “An Iowa Woman in Wartime,” Annals of Iowa 36 (Summer 1961): 31; Oliver Hering Middleton Family Correspondence, SCHS.

[13] Reuben Allen Pierson, August 3, 1862, in Thomas W. Cutrer and Michael Parish, eds., Brothers in Gray: The Civil War Letters of the Pierson Family (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), p. 110.

[14] Sigmund Freud, “Mourning and Melancholia,” in James Strachey, ed., The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1957), vol. 14, pp. 245, 244.另参见Martin Jay, Force Fields: Between Intellectual History and Cultural Critique (New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 93。参见Mary Louise Kete, Sentimental Collaborations: Mourning and Middle-Class Identity in Nineteenth-Century America (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2000)。另参见当时的哀悼手册：Daniel C. Eddy, The Angel’s Whispers; or, Echoes of Spirit Voices (Boston: Horace Wentworth, 1866), and Emily Thornwell, The Rainbow Around the Tomb; or, Rays of Hope for Those Who Mourn (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1857)。

[15] Abbie Brooks Diaries, April 4, 1865, Mss 39f, Keenan ResearchCenter, Atlanta History Center, Atlanta, Ga.; Kate Foster Diary, November 15, 1863, RBMSC; Kate Stone, Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861—1868, ed. John Q. Anderson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1955), p. 258; Cornelia Hancock, South After Gettysburg: Letters, 1863—1868 (New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1956), pp. 67, 15; Myrta Lockett Avary, ed., A Virginia Girl in the Civil War, 1861—1865 (New York: D. Appleton, 1903), p.41; Mary Greenhow Lee Diary, July 24, 1863, WFCHS.

[16] Louis P. Towles, ed., A World Turned Upside Down: The Palmers of South Santee, 1818—1881 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 341, 348, 342, 359.

[17] J. Michael Welton, ed., “My Heart Is So Rebellious”: The Caldwell Letters, 1861—1865 (Warrenton, Va.: Fauquier National Bank, 1991); Towles, ed., World Turned Upside Down, p. 404.

[18] Towles, ed., World Turned Upside Down, p. 404; Mrs. H. [Anna Morris Ellis Holstein], Three Years in Field Hospitals of the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1867), p. 13.

[19] Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987), p. 216; Major General F. H. Smith, Superintendent, Virginia Military Institute, General Orders no. 30, May 13, 1863, VMIA, online at www.vmi.edu/archives/Jackson/cwjacksn.htm.

[20]关于哀悼服饰，参见“Fashionable Mourning”, Christian Recorder, September 19, 1863; Katherine Basanese, “Victorian Period Mourning,” The Courier: The Official Newsletter of the American Civil War Association1 (May 1995): 5—7; “The Fashionof Mourning”, Godey’s Lady’s Book 54 (March 1857): 286。另参见Joan L. Severa, Dressed for the Photographer: Ordinary Americans and Fashion, 1840—1900 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1995)。

[21] Mary D. Robertson, ed., Lucy Breckinridge of Grove Hill: The Journal of a Virginia Girl, 1862—1864 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), pp. 80—81. Daily South Carolinian, February 26, 1864. Patricia Loughridge and Edward D. C. Campbell Jr., Women in Mourning (Richmond, Va.: Museum of the Confederacy, 1985), p. 24.

[22] Margaret Gwyn Diary, April 22 and 29, 1862, Special Collections, RBMSC; Nannie Haskins Diary, March 3, 1863, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville.

[23] Welton, “My Heart Is So Rebellious,” p. 239.

[24] Kate Corbin to Maggie Tucker, April 21, 1863, manuscripts inpossession of David Eilenberger, Chapel Hill Rare Books, Chapel Hill, N.C。另参见Lila to Willie Chunn, September 21, 1863, William Augustus Chunn Papers, Emory University, Atlanta; Daily South Carolinian, March 10, 1864.

[25] Philadelphia Inquirer, July 3, 1863; Richmond Enquirer, April 25, 1861, p. 3; New York Times, May 31, 1863, p. 6.

[26] Godey’s Lady’s Book 71 (August 1865): 106; 64 (June 1862):617; 68 (May 1864): 498.

[27] Mary D. Robertson, ed., Lucy Breckinridge of Grove Hill: The Journal of a Virginia Girl, 1862—1864 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), pp. 80—81; Daily South Carolinian, February 26, 1864; Patricia Loughridge and Edward D. C.Campbell Jr., Women in Mourning (Richmond, Va.: Museum of the Confederacy, 1985), p. 24.

[28] “The Massachusetts Dead Returned from Baltimore,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, May 11, 1861, p. 410; Christian Recorder, May 11, 1861; John Marszalek, ed., The Diary of Miss Emma Holmes, 1861—1866 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), pp. 69—70.在这场战争的头几个月，葬礼得到了新闻报道的关注，但随着葬礼愈发普遍，这种关注也便立即消失了。参见，例如，“The Funeral Ceremonies in Honor of Addison Whitney and Luther C. Ladd at Lowell, Mass. On Monday, May 6”, New York Illustrated News, May 25, 1861, p. 43; “Funeral of Colonel Vosburgh”, New York Illustrated News, June 8, 1861, p. 75; “The Late Captain Ward”, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, July 13, 1861, p. 133。

[29] George Skoch, “A Lavish Funeral for a Southern Hero: ‘Stonewall’ Jackson’s Last March,” Civil War Times Illustrated, May 1989, pp.22—27; Samuel B. Hannah, May 17, 1863, Death of Stonewall Jackson, VMIA; online at www.vmi.edu/archives/jackson/tjjhanna.htm.另参见Lexington Gazette, May 20, 1863, Funeral of Stonewall Jackson, VMIA, online at www.vmi.edu/archives/jackson/tjjobit.htm; Daniel Stowell, “Stonewall Jackson and the Providence of God”, in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, Religion and the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp.187—207; Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), pp. 193—231.另参见“Funeral of Gen. Maxcy Gregg,” newspaper clipping, December 22, 1862, Maxcy Gregg Papers, SCL; “Funeral of General Winthrop,” clipping, 1864, Frederick Winthrop Papers, MAHS。

[30] Rev. T. H. Stockton, “Hymn for the National Funeral” (Philadelphia:A. W. Auner, [1865]); Swain的话引自David B. Chesebrough, “No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow”: Northern Protestant Ministers and the Assassination of Lincoln (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994), p. 88。

[31] New York Herald, April 20, 1865; Merrill D. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp.15—22.

[32] New York Herald, April 26, 1865; Jacob Thomas的话引自Chesebrough, “No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow,” p. 187。另参见Christian Recorder, April 22, 1865, May 6, 1865。

[33] Walt Whitman, “Hush’d Be the Camps To-Day,” in Walt Whitman:Civil War Poetry and Prose (New York: Dover, 1995), pp. 34—35.

[34] Helen Vendler, “Poetry and the Mediation of Value: Whitman on Lincoln,” Tanner Lecture on Human Values delivered at the University of Michigan, October 29 and 30, 1999, online at www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/Vendler_01.pdf, pp. 147—148.Vendler教授同我分享了她对惠特曼的看法，对此我十分感激。

[35] Whitman, “O Captain! My Captain,” in Civil War Poetry and Prose, p. 34.

[36] Whitman, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,” in Civil War Poetry and Prose, pp. 27—28.

[37] Whitman, “Pensive on Her Dead Gazing”, in Civil War Poetry and Prose, p. 38; Vendler, “Poetry and the Mediation of Value,” pp. 155—156; Whitman, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,” pp. 27—28, 33.

[38] Whitman, “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”, p. 28; Whitman, “Ashes of Soldiers”, in Civil War Poetry and Prose, pp.36, 37.

[39] Tyler Resch, Dorset: In the Shadow of the Marble Mountain (Dorset, Vt.: Dorset Historical Society, 1989), pp. 141, 174; Nantucket Weekly Mirror, December 27, 1862,quoted in Richard F. Miller and Robert F. Mooney, The Civil War: The Nantucket Experience (Nantucket, Mass.: Wesco, 1994), p. 137.

[40] Reverend Clark B. Stewart, Journal-Diary, 1859—1865, Works Progress Administration typescript, SCL.

[41] L. H. Blanton, “Well Done Thou Good and Faithful Servant,” Funeral Sermon on theDeath of Rev. John W. Griffin, Chaplain of the 19th Va. Regt., August 1, 1864(Lynchburg, Va.: Power-Press Book & Job Office, 1865), p. 8

[42]关于葬礼布道，参见Robert V. Wells, Facing the “King of Terrors”: Death and Society in an American Community, 1750—1990 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 54—56。

[43] William J. Hoge, Sketch of Dabney Carr Harrison, Minister of the Gospel and Captain in the Army of the Confederate States of America (Richmond, Va.: Presbyterian Committee of Publication of the Confederate States, 1862), pp. 50, 51—52, 53.

[44] Alexander Twombly, The Completed Christian Life: A Sermon Commemorative of Adjutant Richard M. Strong, 177th N.Y.S.V.(Albany, N.Y.: J. Mussell, 1863), p. 7; Philip Slaughter, A Sketch of the Life of Randolph Fairfax, A Private in the Ranks of the Rockbridge Artillery (Richmond, Va.: Tyler, Allegre and McDaniel, 1864), pp. 6, 8, 35, 39; R. L. Dabney, A Memorial of Lieut. Colonel John T. Thornton of the Third Virginia Cavalry, C.S.A. (Richmond, Va.: Presbyterian Committee of Publication of the Confederate States), pp. 6, 8; Robert Lewis Dabney, True Courage: A Discourse Commemorative of Lieutenant General Thomas J. Jackson (Richmond, Va.: Presbyterian Committee of Publication of the Confederate States, 1863), p. 4.

[45] Charles Seymour Robinson, A Memorial Discourse: Occasioned by the Death of Lieutenant James M. Green, 4th N.Y.S.V. (Troy, N.Y.: Daily Times Printing, 1864), pp. 14, 15.

[46] Joseph Cross, “On Grief: A Funeral Service Oration for General Daniel Donelson,” in Camp and Field: Papers from the Portfolio of an Army Chaplain (Columbia, S.C.: Evans & Cogswell, 1864), pp.68, 69, 71.

[47] Henry I. Bowditch, “Memorial of Lt. Nathaniel Bowditch,” p. 1015, Nathaniel Bowditch Memorial Collection, MAHS.

[48] Ibid., pp. 1015, 1048; Henry I. Bowditch to My Own Sweet Wife [Olivia Yardley Bowditch], March 19, 1863, “Manuscripts Relating to Lieutenant Nathaniel Bowditch,” vol. 2, p. 98, Nathaniel Bowditch Memorial Collection, MAHS.

[49] Henry I. Bowditch to Darling [Olivia Yardley Bowditch], March 21, 1863, “Manuscripts Relating to Lieutenant Nathaniel Bowditch,” vol.2, p. 98, Nathaniel Bowditch Memorial Collection, MAHS; Bowditch, “Memorial,” p. 1019.关于悲伤是缺乏男子汉气概的表现，另参见H. L. Abbott to J. G. Abbott, in Robert Garth Scott, ed., Fallen Leaves:The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991), p. 140; W. D. Rutherfordto Sallie Fair Rutherford, June 12, 1862, William D. Rutherford Papers, SCL。

[50] Henry I. Bowditch to My Darling, March 19, 1863, “Manuscripts,” vol. 2, pp. 98—100; Bowditch, “Memorial”, p. 1015.

[51] Bowditch, “Memorial,” p. 1015; Memorials of Lieut. Nathaniel Bowditch A.A.A.G., 1st Cavalry Brigade, Second Division, Army ofthe Potomac, title page, Nathaniel Bowditch Memorial Collection, MAHS. “My Child”原以“He’s not there”题目发表于Monthly Miscellany 3(October 1840): 193—194。这首诗是“作者写给一个牧师朋友的，有关于他唯一儿子之罹难。”另参见Louis Harmon Peet, Who’s the Author?: A Guide to the Authorship of Novels, Stories, Speeches, Songs and General Writings of American Literature (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1901), p. 169与Henry I. Bowditch, “The Celebration of John Pierpont’s Centennial Birthday,” Reminiscences (Boston: n.p., 1885)。

[52] Bowditch to My Darling, March 19, 1863; Nat的葬礼，James Freeman Clarke牧师的讲话，均来自“Manuscripts,” vol. 2, pp.97, 160—64, Nathaniel Bowditch Memorial Collection, MAHS。

[53] Bowditch, “Memorial,” p. 1015; Henry I. Bowditch, A Brief Plea for an Ambulance System for the Army of the United States, as Drawn from the Extra Sufferings of the Late Lieutenant Bowditch and a Wounded Comrade (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1863).

[54] “使具体化”（“embody”）词根为“尸体、肉体”（“body”）。——译注

[55] 该诗及后面两首诗的译文，皆引自惠特曼著、赵萝蕤译《草叶集》（上海：上海译文出版社，1991年，第571—587页，第862页）。 ——译注

[56]原文这里为“罗伯森”（“Robertson”），当为“鲁宾逊”之误。——译注

第六章 信仰与怀疑

[1] John D. Sweet, The Speaking Dead. A Discourse Occasioned by the Death of Serg’t Edward Amos Adams (Boston: Commercial Printing House, 1864), pp. 6, 4, 5.

[2] Carwardine的话语教堂统计数据，载于Mark A. Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), p. 12。

[3] Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology (London: John Murray, 1830—33); Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (London: John Murray, 1859).关于对《圣经》的批评，参见Jerry Wayne Brown, The Rise of Biblical Criticism in America, 1800—1870: The New England Scholars (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969); Hans W. Frei, The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974); James Turner, Without God, Without Creed: The Origins of Unbelief in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985)。Lyell在内战中间就出版了另一本巨著。参见The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man, with Remarks on Theories of the Origin of Species by Variation (London: John Murray, 1863)。

[4]关于从上帝创造目的论出发的观点，经典著作为William Paley’s Natural Theology (1802)关于在内战时期发表的试图调和Darwin与Lyell的科学同宗教信仰的两篇文章，参见Reverend Edward F. Williams, “On the Origin of Species,”Evangelical Quarterly Review 16 ( January 1865): 11—23,与Daniel R. Goodwin, “The Antiquity of Man”, American Presbyterian and Theological Review 6 (April 1864): 233—259。

[5] Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001), p. 18.另参见Robert C. Albrecht, “The Theological Response of the Transcendentalists to the Civil War,” New England Quarterly 38 (March 1965): 21—34。

[6] Sweet, Speaking Dead, p. 7; A. M. Poindexter, Why Will Ye Die?(Raleigh, N.C.: n.p., 186—); G. A. A. Riggs, Diary, August 14, 1864, CAH.

[7]参见Mark Schantz, “The American Civil War and the Culture(s) of Death,” unpublished paper; W. H. Christian, The Importance of a Soldier Becoming a Christian (Richmond, Va.: Soldiers’ Track Association, [186—]), p. 3; Hancock女士的话，引自North Carolina Presbyterian, August 4, 1862 p. 149; Drew Gilpin Faust, “Christian Soldiers,” in Faust, Southern Stories: Slaveholders in Peace and War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992), pp. 98—99。

[8] Jestin Hampton to Thomas B. Hampton, July 7, 1864; Thomas B. Hampton to Jestin Hampton, August 9, 1863, July 17, 1863, May 27, 1863,均来自Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。

[9] Thomas B. Hampton to Jestin Hampton, October 15, 1863; Jestin Hampton to Thomas B. Hampton, April 24, 1864;均来自Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。

[10] A. S. Collins and H. Collins to Jestin Hampton, March 21, 1865; Thomas B. Hampton Obituary [March 1865]:据来自Thomas B. Hampton Papers, CAH。

[11] P hi li p pe A riè s, T he Hour o f Our Dea t h, t ran s. He len Weav er (Ne w Yo r k: A l f re d A. Knopf, 1981), pp. 557—601; Philippe Ariès, Western Attitudes Toward Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present, trans. Patricia M. Ranum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974).

[12] “My God! What Is All This For?”, Wolf C116, American Song Sheets Collection, LCP.

[13] Captain Edson Gerry, “Battle of Winchester,” Wolf 108, online at musicanet.org/robokopp/usa/harkthem.htm; “Tell Mother, I Die Happy,” words by C. A. Vosburgh, music by Jabez Burns (New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.), Wolf 2290.另参见，“Shall We Know Each Other There?,” Wolf 2081, “Our Southern Dead”, Wolf C130, E. Walter Lowe, “The Dying Soldier” (New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.), Wolf 5486; L. Katzenburger, “The Dying Confederate’s Last Words,” Wolf C49, “Oh! Bless Me, Mother, Ere I Die,” Wolf 1653,均载于American Song Sheet Collection, LCP。

[14] J. L. M’Creery, “There Is No Death,” Arthur’s Home Magazine 22 (July 1863): 41.

[15] Swedenborg的话引自Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang, Heaven: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), p.186。参见Erland J. Brock, ed., Swedenborg and HisInfluenc(BrynAthyn, Pa.: Academy of the New Church, 1988)。我感谢James Kloppenberg与Trygve Throntveit在Swedenborg的问题上为我提供了帮助。关于天堂，另参见Jeffrey Burton Russell, Paradise Mislaid: How We Lost Heaven and How We Can Regain It (New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 2006)。

[16] James H. Moorhead, “‘As Though Nothing At All Had Happened’:Death and Afterlife in Protestant Thought, 1840—1955,” Soundings 67, no. 4 (1984): 458—459. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Swedenborg; or, the Mystic,” in Robert E. Spiller, ed., Selected Essays, Lectures and Poems of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Washington Square Press, 1965), p. 155.

[17] Emily Dickinson to Fanny Norcross and Loo Norcross, April 1861, in Mabel Todd Loomis, ed., Letters of Emily Dickinson (Boston:Roberts Brothers, 1894), vol. 2, p. 237. Dickinson的话引自ShiraWolosky, Emily Dickinson: A Voice of War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), p. 44; Emily Dickinson, “I never felt at Home—Below—,” #413, in Thomas H. Johnson, The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960); McDannell and Lang, Heaven, p. 228; Daily South Carolinian, April 24, 1864; Phillip Shaw Paludan, A People’s Contest: The Union and Civil War, 1861—1865 (1988; rpt. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), p. 367; Harper’s Weekly, December 5, 1863, p. 784;诗歌载于Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 26 (February 1863): 384, and 29 (October 1864): 584。

[18] Robert Patterson, Visions of Heaven for the Life on Earth (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1877); Harper’sWeekly, December 5, 1863, p. 784; William Branks, Heaven Our Home: We Have No Saviour But Jesus and No Home But Heaven (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1864).这本书共有25章，被分为了三个部分；第二部分为“Recognition。”Rebecca Gratz to Ann Boswell Gratz, September 12, 1861, in David Philipson, ed., Letters of Rebecca Gratz (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1929), p.427.关于天堂与犹太人，参见Henry Harbaugh, “Heavenly Recognition Among the Jews,” The Heavenly Recognition; or, An Earnest and Scriptural Discussion of the Question, Will We Know Our Friends in Heaven (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blackiston, 1865), pp. 85—115。

[19] Epes Sargent, The Proof Palpable of Immortality: Being an Account of the Materialization Phenomena of Modern Spiritualism (Boston: Colby and Rich, 1875).

[20] Robert S. Cox, Body and Soul: A Sympathetic History of American Spiritualism (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003), p. 169; James Henry Hammond Diary, December 13, 1853, James Henry Hammond Papers, SCL;参见Drew Gilpin Faust, A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South, 1840—1860 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), pp.66—67. Ann Braude展示了唯灵论同女权主义尤其紧密的联系，参见Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century America (Boston: BeaconPress, 1989)。关于唯灵论者数量，North American Review在1855年估计，1855年至少有200万；Harriet Beecher Stowe在1869年认为，为400万至500万；相信唯灵论的作家Emma Hardinge在1870年估计，为1100万。Nina Baym, “Introduction”, in Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Three Spiritualist Novels (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. ix.

[21] Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987), pp. 218—220, 221; “Lincoln’s Attendance at Spiritualist Seances,” Lincoln Lore, no. 1499 (January 1963): 1—4; no. 1500 (February 1963): 1—2; John Pierpont, “My Child,” online at www.poetry-archive.com/p/pierpont_john.htm; Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, Memorial (Boston: John Wilson & Son, 1865), p. 49; Bret E. Carroll, Spiritualism in Antebellum America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), pp. 16—34。

[22] Cox, Body and Soul, p. 176.

[23] Epes Sargent, Planchette: or, The Despair of Science (Boston:Roberts Brothers, 1869). “Novel amusement”的说法来自“The Boston Planchette,” American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., reproduced in Braude, Radical Spirits, fig. 5, after p. 114

[24] R. Laurence Moore, In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 38; Epes Sargent, The Scientific Basisof Spiritualism (Boston: Colby & Rich, 1881), p. 346; John W. Edmonds and George T. Dexter, Spiritualism (New York: Partridge & Brittan, 1853), p. 360; Sargent, Planchette, p. 279.

[25] “The Second Death,” Banner of Light, October 19, 1861, p. 6; “Message Department,” April 26, 1862, p. 6; May 31, 1862, p. 6; July 2, 1864, p. 1.; December 13, 1862, p. 6.

[26] Banner of Light, April 26, 1862, p. 6.

[27] Banner of Light, September 19, 1863; July 16, 1864; May 10, 1862; all p. 6.

[28] Banner of Light, August 29, 1863, p. 6.

[29] Ibid.参见S. Weir Mitchell用小说形式呈现的一位被截肢者同其四肢的唯灵论式重聚，“The Case of George Dedlow,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1866, online at www.painonline.org/pdf/dedlow.pdf。

[30] National Park Service, Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, Names Index Project, online at www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/info.htm.其数据来自National Archives的General Index Cards of the Compiled Military Service记录。

[31] Banner of Light, May 31, 1862, p. 5; Sweet, Speaking Dead, pp.11, 12, 3.

[32] Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Chapters from a Life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1896) pp. 96, 97, 98, 127, 128; Helen Sootin Smith, “Introduction,” Phelps, The Gates Ajar (1868; rpt. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. xxxiv.参见Barton Levi St. Armand, “Paradise Deferred: The Image of Heaven in the Work of Emily Dickinson and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,” American Quarterly 29 (Spring 1977): 55—78; Ann Douglas, “Heaven Our Home: Consolation Literature in the Northern United States, 1830—1880,” American Quarterly 26 (December 1974): 496—515; Lisa Long, “The Corporeity of Heaven: Rehabilitating the Civil War Body in The Gates Ajar,” American Literature 69 (December 1997):781—811;与Carol Farley Kessler, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982).

[33] Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, The Gates Ajar, in Three Spiritualist Novels pp. 5, 32.参见Mark Twain对The Gates Ajar的“滑稽讽刺” ——Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven (1909; rpt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)。这或许是The Gates Ajar文化影响的最好证明。

[34] Phelps, Gates, pp. 41, 110, 42.

[35] Ibid., p. 50.

[36] Ibid., pp. 65, 64.

[37] Ibid., pp. 10—11.

[38] Catherine Edmondston, Journal of a Secesh Lady: The Diary of Catherine Ann Devereux Edmondston, 1860—1866, ed. Beth G. Crabtree and James W. Patton (Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History, 1979), p. 461; J. Michael Welton, ed., “My Heart Is So Rebellious”: The Caldwell Letters, 1861—1865 (Warrenton, Va.: Fauquier National Bank, 1991), pp. 240, 241; Clara Solomon Diary, entry for June 7, 1861, Louisiana State University; Anne Darden, Diary, entry for July 20, 1861, North Carolina Department of Archives and History.参见Drew Gilpin Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slave holding South in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 190—195.关于约伯与“尽管他杀死了我”，参见Peyton Harrison Hoge, Moses Drury Hoge: Life and Letters (Richmond, Va.: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1899), pp.235—237.

[39] Abraham Lincoln, “Address at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania”, November 19, 1863, in Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, 1859—1865 (New York: Library of America, 1989), p. 536.

[40] Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address”, in Speeches and Writings, pp. 686—687.

[41] Stephen Elliott, Ezra’s Dilemna [sic]: A Sermon (Savannah, Ga.:Power Press of George N. Nichols, 1863), p. 17; Stephen Elliott, Gideon’s Water-Lappers: A Sermon (Macon, Ga.: Burke, Boykin &Co., 1864), p. 20.关于天意主义，参见Mark Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 75—94。关于宗教与民族主义，参见Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), pp. 22—40。感谢Katy Park在拉丁文上的帮助。

[42] Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address,” p. 687.

[43] Horace Bushnell, “Our Obligations to the Dead,” in Building Erasin Religion (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1881), pp. 322, 327.

[44]44. Horace Bushnell, Reverses Needed: A Discourse Delivered on the Sunday After the Disaster of Bull Run, in the North Church, Hartford (Hartford, Conn.: L. E. Hunt, 1861); Bushnell, “Obligations,” pp. 331, 333, 332, 341, 353.参见William A. Clebsch, “Christian Interpretations of the Civil War”, Church History 30, no. 2 (1961):212—222.

[45] Bushnell, “Obligations,” p. 350; Elliott, Gideon’s Water-Lappers, p.20; Bushnell, “Obligations,” p. 355.另参见Horace Bushnell, The Vicarious Sacrifice, Grounded in Principles of Universal Obligation (New York: Charles Scribner & Co., 1866)。

[46] Bushnell, “Obligations,” p. 353.

[47] Mary Ann Harris Gay, Life in Dixie During the War (Atlanta:Constitution Job Office,1892), p. 195; Henry Timrod, “Ethnogenesis,” online at www.poemhunter.com/quotations/famous.asp?people=Henry%20Timrod;也引自Malvina Waring, “A Confederate Girl’s Diary, March 9, 1865,” in Mrs. Thomas Taylor etal., eds., South Carolina Women in the Confederacy (Columbia, S.C.: State Co., 1903), vol. 1, p. 280.

[48]长老会与Ford的话引自Daniel W. Stowell, Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863—1877 (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 26—27; Mary Greenhow Lee Diary, April 15, 1865, WFCHS.

[49] John Adger, “Northern and Southern Views of the Province of the Church,” Southern Presbyterian Review 16 (March 1866): 410, quoted in Noll, Civil War as a Theological Crisis, p. 78; Hoge, Moses Drury Hoge, pp. 235—237, quoted in Stowell, Rebuilding Zion, p. 40.

[50] Grace Brown Elmore, A Heritage of Woe: The Civil War Diary of Grace Brown Elmore, 1861—1868, ed. Marli F. Weiner (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), pp. 119, 99; Cornelia Peake McDonald, A Woman’s Civil War: A Diary, with Reminiscences of the War, from March 1862, ed. Minrose C. Gwin (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), p. 241.

[51] Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2001), pp. x, 4.参见Oliver Wendell Holmes, Touched with Fire: Civil War Letters and Diary of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., 1861—1864, ed. Mark DeWolfe Howe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1946).关于这一问题的开拓性研究是George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York: Harper & Row, 1965)。

[52] Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York:Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 7; “Mother, Come Your Boy Is Dying” [sheet music] (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.); “Bless Me, Mother, Ere I Die” (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.); “Who Will Care for Mother Now?” (New York: Charles Magnus, n.d.); “Rock Me to Sleep, Mother,” in A Storm in the Land: Music of the 26th North Carolina Regimental Band, C.S.A. (New York: New World Records, 2002).

[53] “Mother Would Comfort Me” (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.), Wolf1472, words and music online at freepages.music.rootsweb.com/~edgmon/cwcomfort.htm; “Mother Would Wallop Me” (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.), Wolf 1470; JohnC. Cross, “Mother on the Brain” (New York: H. DeMarsan, n.d.), Wolf 1473,均来自American Song Sheet Collection, LCP. Seesouthern editions: “Who Will Care for Mother Now?” (Macon and Savannah, Ga.: J. C. Schreiner & Son, 186—); “Rock Me to Sleep, Mother” (Richmond, Va.: C. Nordendorf, 1863); “Mother, Is the Battle Over?” (Columbia, S.C.: B. Duncan, 1863)。

[54] Twain, Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven

[55] Bierce的话引自Roy Morris Jr., Ambrose Bierce: Alone in Bad Company (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 182; Bierce的话引自Daniel Aaron, The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 183; Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 137。参见Lara Cohen, “‘A Supper of Horrors Too Long Drawn Out’:Ambrose Bierce’s Literary Terrorism and the Reinstatement of Death,” B.A. paper (University of Chicago, 1999),感谢Lara Cohen提供; Cathy N. Davidson, The Experimental Fictions of Ambrose Bierce: Structuring the Ineffable (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984); Cathy N. Davidson, ed., Critical Essays on Ambrose Bierce (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982)。

[56] Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 205; Ambrose Bierce, Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period: The Complete Civil War Writings of Ambrose Bierce, ed. Russell Duncan and David J.Klooster (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002); Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 161。

[57] Ambrose Bierce, “What I Saw of Shiloh,” in Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period, p. 103.

[58] Ambrose Bierce, “A Tough Tussle,” in Ernest Jerome Hopkins, comp., The Civil War Short Stories of Ambrose Bierce (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970), p. 39.

[59] Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), p.622.

[60] Bierce, “Tough Tussle”, pp. 39, 41.

[61] Ibid., pp. 41, 43, 44.

[62] Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 205; Bierce, Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period, p. 21。

[63] Ambrose Bierce, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge”, in Civil War Stories of Bierce, pp. 45—52; Robert C. Evans, ed., Ambrose Bierce’s “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” An Annotated Critical Edition (West Cornwall, Conn.: Locust Hill Press, 2003).

[64] Bierce的话引自Morris, Ambrose Bierce, p. 205; Bierce, Devil’s Dictionary, p. 34。

[65] Ambrose Bierce, The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce (NewYork: Neale Publishing Co., 1911), vol. 8, p. 347.

[66] Herman Melville, “The Armies of the Wilderness,” in Battle-Piecesand Aspects of the War: Civil War Poems (1866; rpt. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), p. 103; Melville的话引自Lee Rust Brown, “Introduction,” ibid., p. viii.另参见Robert Penn Warren, “Melville’s Poems,” Southern Review 3 (Autumn 1967): 799—855。

[67] Herman Melville, “The March into Virginia,” in Battle-Pieces, p. 23; Melville, “On the Slain Collegians,” ibid., p. 159.另参见Stanton Garner, The Civil War World of Herman Melville (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993); Warren, “Melville’s Poems”, p.809; Joyce Sparer Adler, War in Melville’s Imagination (New York: New York University Press, 1981); Andrew Delbanco, Melville: His World and His Work (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005)。

[68] Hawthorne的话引自Lee Rust Brown, “Introduction” to Melville, Battle-Pieces, p. iv; Aaron, Unwritten War, p. 88。

[69] Melville, “Armies of the Wilderness,” pp. 101, 102; Melville, “A Utilitarian View of the Monitor’s Fight,” in Battle-Pieces, p. 62.

[70] Melville, “Shiloh,” in Battle-Pieces, 63; “Armies of the Wilderness,” p. 103; Melville, “Shiloh”, p. 63.

[71] Emily Dickinson, “My Triumph lasted till the Drums,” #1227, and “They dropped like Flakes—,” #409 in Thomas H. Johnson, ed., The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1960).参见Robert Milder, “The Rhetoric of Melville’s BattlePieces,”Nineteenth-Century Literature 44 (September 1989), pp. 173—200; Maurice S. Lee, “Writing Through the War; Melville and Dickinson After the Renaissance,” PMLA 115 (October 2000): pp. 1124—1128。

[72] David Higgins, Portrait of Emily Dickinson, The Poet and Her Prose (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1967); Thomas W. Ford, “Emily Dickinson and the Civil War,” University Review—Kansas City 31 (Spring 1965): 199.关于战争对Dickinson的重要性之最系统研究，参见Shira Wolosky, Emily Dickinson: A Voice of War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984)。在The Unwritten War一书中，Daniel Aaron将Dickinson的归入Supplement 4，共一页半，并强调她的经历的个人性质，虽然他同时也展示了战争意象对她的诗歌之影响，参见此书pp.355—356。

[73] Emily Dickinson to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, June 8, 1862, and [n.d.] 1863, in Mabel Todd Loomis, ed., Letters of Emily Dickinson (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1894), vol. 2, pp. 304, 310.

[74] Emily Dickinson to Fanny Norcross and Loo Norcross, April 1862, Letters of Dickinson, vol. 2, p. 243; William A. Stearns, Adjutant Stearns (Boston: Massachusetts Sabbath School Society, 1862), p.106.另参见Roger Lundin, Emily Dickinson and the Art of Belief (Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 1998), pp. 122—123.另一阿默斯特邻居在“被鲜血染红的马里兰州”安蒂特姆战役中的死亡，促使Dickinson在这年末写出了“When I was small, a Woman died”一诗，即#596 in Complete Poems of Dickinson。

[75] Emily Dickinson to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, [n.d.] 1863, in Letters of Dickinson, vol. 2, p. 309; Emily Dickinson to Fanny Norcross and Loo Norcross, April 1862, ibid., p. 243.

[76] Emily Dickinson, “I dwell in Possibility,” #657, Complete Poems of Dickinson; Emily Dickinson to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, April 26, 1862, in Letters of Dickinson, vol. 2, p. 302; “Death is a Dialogue between,” #976; “At least—to pray—is left—is left,” #502; “We pray—to Heaven—” #489; “I felt my life with both my hands,” #351; “Ourselves we do inter with sweet derision,” #1144,均载于Complete Poems of Dickinson。

[77] 本诗引自[美]艾米莉·狄金森著、蒲隆译，《狄金森诗选》（第298页）。——译注

“All but Death, can be Adjusted,” #749, in Complete Poems of Dickinson.

[78] “Suspense—is Hostiler than Death—,” #705; “Victory comes late—,” #690; “My Portion is Defeat—today—,” #639; “It feels a shame to be Alive,” #444; “The Battle fought between the Soul,” #594,均载于Complete Poems of Dickinson.参见Maria Magdalena Farland, “‘That Tritest/Brightest Truth’: Emily Dickinson’s Anti-Sentimentality,”NineteenthCentury Literature 53 (December 1998): 364—389.Barton Levi St. Armand, Emily Dickinson and Her Culture: The Soul’s Society (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984),该书将她描绘成一个不那么怀疑、更为传统的人。

[79] Helen Vendler, “Melville and the Lyric of History,” in Melville, Battle-Pieces, pp. 262, 265.

[80] “I felt a Cleaving in my Mind,” #937, in Complete Poems of Dickinson; Wolosky, Emily Dickinson, p. xv.另参见David T.Porter, Dickinson: The Modern Idiom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 39, 98, 120。关于Amy Lowell的判断，即在美国19世纪的诗坛中Dickinson是个独具一格的“现代的”诗人，参见S. Foster Damon, Amy Lowell: A Chronicle (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1935), p. 295。历史学者Michael O’Brien认为，Mary Chesnut那本重写于19世纪80年代、但在她去世前并未公布的内战日记，反映了与此相同的现代主义倾向。Chesnut是一名南卡罗来纳州贵族，在这场战争中她看到了周围世界的瓦解，以智慧与讽刺为支柱使自己存活了下来。在20世纪初她作品的删节本出版后，她便被成为了众所周知的人物。最终，1981年，历史学者C. Vann Woodward发布了一个基于她19世纪80的手稿精心编辑过的版本，将之视作一个文学创作 ——与再创作 ——而非一系列战争期间每日简短的记录。人们可能认为Chesnut的作品同Bierce、Melville与Dickinson的作品有很多相似处。Chesnut避开了叙述，而是采用了语态与碎片，以其所选择的形式反映出她自己的不信仰 ——对上帝、对科学、对她的社会、对她自己的不信仰 ——之实质。O’Brien将她同Virginia Woolf联系起来，指出从美国内战到半个世纪后的一战之间的怀疑与紊乱是一个具有连续性的统一体。Michael O’Brien, “The Flight Down the Middle Walk: Mary Chesnut and the Forms of Observance,” in Anne Goodwyn Jones and Susan V. Donaldson, eds., Haunted Bodies: Gender and Southern Texts (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997), pp. 109—131。

[81] Oliver Wendell Holmes, Occasional Speeches, comp. Mark DeWolfe Howe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 82; Reuben Allen Pierson的话引自Thomas W. Cutrer and T.Michael Parrish, eds., Brothers in Gray: Civil War Letters of the Pierson Family (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), p. 101; James P. Suiter的话引自Earl Hess, Union Soldierin Battle, p. 20; Daniel M. Holt, A Surgeon’s Civil War: Letters and Diaries of Daniel M. Holt, M.D., ed. James M. Greiner, Janet L.Coryell, and James R. Smither (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1994), p. 100; John O. Casler, Four Years in the Stonewall Brigade (1906; rpt. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), p. 37。

[82] Cordelia Harvey, letter from Memphis dated December 6, 1862, published in Wisconsin Daily State Journal, December 30, 1862, Cordelia Harvey Papers, WHS, online at www.uwosh.edu/archives/civilwar/women/harvey/harvey6.htm; Kate Cumming, Journal of a Confederate Nurse, ed. Richard Barksdale Harwell (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959), p.15.一名北方护士Cornelia Hancock几乎相同的话，参见Hancock, South After Gettysburg, ed. Henrietta Stratton Jaquette (New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1956), p. 7。关于苦难的不可言说性，参见Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985)。Paul Fussell论述了一战的不可言说性以及它所造成的语言失效，参见The Great War and Modern Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 139, Jay Winter的著作也做了同样的工作，参见Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 5。Thomas Leonard指出，内战“在某种程度上最重要的遗产……是沉默。”Thomas C. Leonard, Above the Battle: War Making in America from Appomattox to Versailles (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 25.另参见Allyson Booth, Postcards from the Trenches: Negotiating the Space Between Modernism and the First World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 52, 62。

[83] David T. Hedrick and Gordon Barry Davis Jr., eds., I’m Surrounded by Methodists: Diary of John H. W. Stuckenberg, Chaplain of the 145th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry(Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 44.

[84]“Faith”，即“信仰”。——译注

[85] 本诗引自[美]安·比尔斯著、莫雅平译《魔鬼词典》（桂林：漓江出版社，1991年，第37页）。——译注

[86] 此诗引自[美]艾米莉·狄金森著、蒲隆译，《狄金森诗选》（上海：上海译文出版社，2010年，第64页）。后文段内所引狄金森诗句，部分来自该译本，还有一部分来自江枫译，《狄金森诗选》（长沙：湖南人民出版社，1984年），其余为本书译者所译。后文将不再一一说明。——译注

[87]本诗引自[美]艾米莉·狄金森著、蒲隆译，《狄金森诗选》（第355页—356页）。 ——译注"

第七章 解释

[1] Horace Bushnell, “Our Obligations to the Dead, July 26, 1865,”Building Eras in Religion (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1881), pp. 322, 327, 321, 340.关于Bushnell，参见Conrad Cherry, “The Structure of Organic Thinking: Horace Bushnell’s Approach to Language, Nature and Nation,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 40 (March 1972): 3—20与Daniel Walker Howe, “The Social Science of Horace Bushnell,” Journal of American History 70 (September 1983): 305—322。

[2] James Russell Lowell, “Ode Recited at the Harvard Commemoration, July 21, 1865,” in Richard Marius, ed., The Columbia Book of Civil War Poetry: From Whitman to Walcott (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), pp. 372, 380.

[3] Clara Barton to Brigadier General D. C. McCallum, April 14, 1865; Barton to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, draft letter, October 1865, final version dated November 27,1865, Clara Barton Papers, LC.

[4]“To Returned Soldiers and Others” [1865], Clara Barton Papers, LC; Elizabeth B. Pryor, Clara Barton: Professional Angel(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987), p. 154.

[5]关于通令，参见Brevet Brigadier General J. J. Dana to Brevet Major General J. L. Donaldson, March 19, 1866, in Whitman, Letters Received, RG 92 E-A-1 397A, and E. B. Whitman, Cemeterial Movement, in Final Report, 1869, RG 92 E646, both in NARA; “Civil War Era National Cemeteries,” online at www.va.gov/facmgt/historic/civilwar.asp.另参见U.S. War Department, Quartermaster General’s Office, Compilation of Laws, Orders, Opinions, Instructions, etc. in Regard to National Military Cemeteries (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1878);Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers Who Died in Defence of the American Union, 27 nos. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 186—1871)。

[6] Special Order no. 132 in “Report of Captain J. M. Moore,” in Executive Documents Printed by Order of the House of Representatives During the First Session of the ThirtyNinth Congress, 1865—66 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1866), vol. 3, pp.264—266; James M. Moore to Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs, July 3, 1865, M619 208Q 1865, Roll401, NARA.另参见Requests received by Colonel James Moore, 1863—1866, RG 92 E581, Requests for Information Relating to Missing Soldiers 1863—67, RG 92 E582, and Letters Received by Tommy Baker, Clerk of Office of Burial Records,1862—1867, RG 92E580,均引自NARA。

[7]关于Andersonville，参见William Marvel, Andersonville: The Last Depot (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994)。

[8] Clara Barton, Journal, July 8, July 12, August 5, August 6, and August 17, 1865; Clara Barton to Edmund Stanton, n.d.; all in Clara Barton Papers, LC; Pryor, Clara Barton, p. 138.

[9] Barton, Journal, August 5—8, and 17, 1865, Clara Barton Papers, LC; see Requests for Information, NARA; Pryor, Clara Barton, pp.138—42; Monro MacCloskey, Hallowed Ground: Our National Cemeteries (New York: Richards Rosen Press, 1968), p. 32; “Report of Captain J. M. Moore,” in Executive Documents, 1865—66, vol. 3, pp. 264—266.另参见John R. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005),与Edward Steere, “Genesis of American Graves Registration, 1861—1870,” Military Affairs 12 (Autumn 1948): 149—161与参见Edmund Whitman Papers, 1830—1876, Schoff Civil War Collection, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Class of 1838 Class Book, call #HUD238.714, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, Mass.; “1838: Whitman, Edmund Burke,” Biographical File, call#HUG300, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, Mass。

[10] Earnshaw的话引自Monro MacCloskey, Hallowed Ground: Our National Cemeteries (New York: Richard Rosens Press, 1968), p.34。

[11] Meigs的话引自Whitman, “Remarks on National Cemeteries,” in W. T. Sherman et al., The Army Reunion (Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co., 1869), p. 227。

[12] E. B. Whitman to Thomas Swords, February 13, 1867, in Whitman, Final Report; Circular, January 24, 1866, in E. B. Whitman, Letter Press Book, vol. 1, RG 92 A-1 397A, NARA; Whitman, Final Report.

[13] Whitman, Final Report; A. T. Blackmun to E. B. Whitman, n.d.[1865]; John H. Castle to Whitman, January 24, 1866,均来自Letters Received, RG 92 A-1 397A, NARA。

[14] E. B. Whitman, Report, May 5, 1866, Cemeterial Reports and Lists, RG 92 A-1 397A, NARA; Whitman, Final Report.

[15] Whitman to Donaldson, June 26, 1866, in Whitman, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; E. B. Whitman, Daily Journal, vol. 2, RG 92 E-A1-397A, n.p., both in NARA; Whitman, “Remarks on National Cemeteries,” p.229.

[16] Lieutenant Thomas Albee to Thomas Van Horne, November 28, 1865; Donaldson to Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs, December 9, 1865; Barger to E. B. Whitman, February 24, 1866;均来自Whitman, Letters Received; [Whitman], Journal of a Trip ThroughParts of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia Made to Locate the Scattered Graves of Union Soldiers [1866], vol. 1, p. 93, RG 92E685, NARA。

[17] Whitman, Appendix, Final Report; Whitman, Cemeterial Movement; clipping, April 4, 1866, Letters and Reports Received Relating to Cemeteries, RG 92 E569, NARA.

[18] Donaldson to Colonel M. D. Wickersham, April 17, 1866, Whitman, Letters Received; Dana, Remarks of the Quartermaster General, May 26, 1866, Cemetery Reports and Lists RG 92 A-1397A;均藏于NARA。

[19]参见Dan T. Carter, When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South, 1865—1867 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985); George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984); Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863—1877(New York: Harper & Row, 1988)。

[20] Whitman, Final Report; U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on the Memphis Riots, Memphis Riots and Massacres, 1866 (1866; rpt. Miami: Mnemosyne, 1969).

[21] Whitman to Donaldson, March 26, 1866, in Whitman, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; Whitman, Cemeterial Reports and Lists; Whitman to Donaldson, March 26, 1866; Whitman to Donaldson, April 18, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; [Whitman], Journal of a Trip; Whitman toDonaldson, March 26, 1866。

[22] Whitman to Donaldson, April 29, 1866, in Whitman, Letter Press Book, vol. 1.

[23] Whitman, “Remarks on National Cemeteries,” p. 229; Whitman to Donaldson, April 30, 1866, in Whitman, Letter Press Book, vol. 1.

[24] Whitman to Donaldson, May 24, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; Whitman to Brigadier General H. M. Whittlesey, May 15, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; Whitman to Donaldson, May 24, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1.

[25] Dana, Remarks of the Quartermaster General.

[26] Whitman to Donaldson, June 26, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; [Whitman], Journal of a Trip, vol. 2, p. 26.

[27] [Whitman], Journal of a Trip, vol. 1, pp. 218, 240; vol. 2, p. 26.

[28] Ibid.; vol. 2, p. 26.

[29]关于Charleston的仪式，参见David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 68—71。

[30] Whitman to Donaldson, June 19, 1866; Whitman to Donaldson, June 26, 1866; both in Letter Press Book, vol. 1.

[31] Whitman to Donaldson, June 26, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; E. B. Whitman, Speech Draft, n.d., Miscellaneous Records, RG 92A-1 397A, NARA.

[32] Clara Barton to Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, October 1865, Clara Barton Papers, LC.

[33]关于这一时期的性别与契约，参见Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage and the Market in theAge of Slave Emancipation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998)。另参见Drew Gilpin Faust, “‘The Dread Void ofUncertainty’: Naming the Dead in the American Civil War,” Southern Cultures 11 (Summer 2005): 7—32.这一正在兴起的国家责任感，是人权史的一个发展阶段。参见Lynn Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007)。

[34] James F. Russling, “National Cemeteries,” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 33 (August 1866): 311, 312, 321.

[35] Ibid., p. 322.

[36] Wilfred Owen, “Dulce et Decorum Est”, online at www.warpoetry.co.uk/owen1.htm.

[37]. Whitman to Donaldson, October 1, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol.1; Thomas的话引自Whitman, Final Report。

[38] Whitman to Donaldson, September 23, 1866, Letter Press Book, vol. 1; Whitman, Final Report.

[39] Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st sess., February 15, 1867, p. 1374.

[40] Whitman, Final Report; Meigs statement of December 22, 1868, quoted in Congressional Globe, 42nd Cong., 2nd sess., May 8, 1872, p. 3220.

[41] See www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/poplargrove/poplargrovehist.htm; New York Times, July 8, 1866, p. 4.

[42] “The National Cemeteries,” Chicago Tribune, January 23, 1867, p.2; Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992), p. 22.

[43] “Report of the Quartermaster General,” Executive Documents Printed by Order of the House of Representatives During the Second Session of the Forty-second Congress (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), vol. 2, pp. 135—166; “Report of the Quartermaster General, Secretary of War,” Executive Documents Printed by Order of theHouse of Representatives During the Third Session of the Forty-first Congres(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1871), vol. 2, p. 210; “CivilWar Era National Cemeteries,” online at www.va.gov/facmgt/historic/civilwar.asp,关于总花费，参见Charles W. Snell and Sharon A. Brown, Antietam National Battlefield and National Cemetery, Sharpsburg, Maryland: An Administrative History (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1986), p. 29; Leslie Perry, “The Confederate Dead,” clipping from New York Sun [1898] in RG 92 585, NARA。关于国家公墓的草图，参见Whitman, Final Report. Sara Amy Leach, Senior Historian, National Cemetery Administration, Department of Veterans’ Affairs, letter toauthor, October 5, 2004,这封信给出了非洲裔美国人埋葬地的详细情况。她指出，坟墓隔离似乎是源于习俗而非明确的规定。关于表格，参见“Weekly Report of the Number of Interments”, July 28, 1866, Letters and Reports Received Relating to Cemeteries, RG 92 E569, NARA。

[44] Whitman, “Remarks on National Cemeteries,” p. 225.

[45] John Trowbridge, “The Wilderness”, Atlantic Monthly, 17 ( January1866), 45, 46.

[46] “Burial of the Rebel Dead”, New York Times, January 30, 1868, p.4; Russell F. Weigley, Quartermaster General of the Union Army: ABiography of M. C. Meigs (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), pp. 308—310.

[47] Examiner的话引自Mary H. Mitchell, Hollywood Cemetery: The History of a Southern Shrine (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1985), p. 64.

[48] “To the Women of the South,” in Daily Richmond Enquirer, May 31, 1866, clipping in Hollywood Memorial Association Collection, ESBL.

[49] Oakwood Ladies Memorial Association, Minutes, April 19, 1866, Oakwood Memorial Association Collection, ESBL.

[50] Minute Book, 1867, Hollywood Memorial Association Collection.

[51] Henry Timrod, “Ode,” in The Columbia Book of Civil War Poetry, ed. Richard Marius (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p.418.关于阵亡将士纪念日，参见Blight, Race and Reunion, pp. 70—73; online at www.usmemorialday.org/order11.htm。另参见William Blair, Cities of the Dead: Contesting the Memory of the Civil War in the South, 1865—1914 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), pp. 44—76。

[52] Downing的传单引自Anne Sarah Rubin, A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861—1868 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), p. 234。

[53] Ibid., p. 235; Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead, pp. 146—148.关于女性与内战时期的政治，参见Drew Gilpin Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp.207—219。

[54] “Virginia—Dedication of the Stonewall Cemetery—Feeling of the Southern People—Miscellaneous Incidents,” New York Times, October 29, 1866, p. 8.关于Ashby，参见Confederated Southern Memorial Association, History of the Confederated Memorial Associations of the South (New Orleans: Graham Press, 1904), p.149。

[55] Confederated Southern Memorial Association, History, p. 92; Rubin, Shattered Nation, p. 236.另参见Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865—1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 36—46。

[56] Abram J. Ryan, “Lines Respectfully Inscribed to the Ladies Memorial Association of Fredericksburg, Virginia,” December 31, 1866, VHS; Abram J. Ryan, “March of the Deathless Dead,” Poems: Patriotic, Religious (Baltimore: Baltimore Publishing Co., 1885), p. 39.参见Robert K. Krick, Roster of the Confederate Deadin the Fredericksburg Confederate Cemetery (Fredericksburg, Va.:published by the author, 1974)。

[57] Mary J. Dogan to John S. Palmer, July 1, 1869; Dogan to Palmer, June 16, 1870;均引自Louis P. Towle, ed., A World Turned Upside Down: The Palmers of South Santee, 1818—1881 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 628, 650。

[58] Dogan to Palmer, June 16, 1870, February 25, 1871, ibid., p. 686.

[59] Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg; The Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 136.关于安蒂特姆的南部邦联死难者与被重葬在Hagerstown的Washington Cemetery的2240具遗体，参见Steven R.Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead: The Story of Those Who Died at Antietam and South Mountain (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992),与Snell and Brown, Antietam NationalBattlefield and Cemeter。南部邦联死难者也仍埋在北方的战俘营原址。参见，例如，“Confederate Dead.Cemeteries. Elmira,” Confederate Dead Collection, ESBL。

[60] Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 134.

[61]关于Confederate Memorial Day at Charleston, S.C. Reintermentof the Carolina Dead from Gettysburg (Charleston, S.C.: William C. Maczyck, 1871); Mary H. Mitchell, Hollywood Cemetery: The History of a Southern Shrine (1985; rpt. Richmond: Library ofVirginia, 1999), pp. 83—92。另参见Correspondence Regarding Gettysburg Dead, 1872—1902,与Correspondence and Memoranda Regarding Weaver’s Claim, 1871—1873, Hollywood Memorial Association Collection, ESBL。

[62] Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, pp. 143—148; “Ghost of Gettysburg,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, November 24, 1996, Dixie Living, p. 3.

[63]参见David Charles Sloane, The Last Great Necessity:Cemeteries in American History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991)。

[64]解释”（Accounting）一词在本章中一语双关，兼有“对……负责”之意。二者的联系为：国家应对死者负责，这就好比管家应对主人解释账本（埃德蒙·B.惠特曼），使用他人财物者应向财物所有人解释其使用情况（克拉拉·巴顿）。

第八章 统计

[1] Kate Campbell to Mattie McGaw, May 1, 1863, McGaw Family Papers, SCL.

[2] Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 205. I. B. Cohen, The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005); Alain DeRosières, The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).

[3] Walt Whitman, Specimen Days, in Whitman, Complete Prose Works (New York: Appleton, 1910), pp. 114—115.

[4] Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Massachusetts in the Army and Navy During the War of 1861—1865 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1896), vol. 1, pp. viii, ix.

[5] William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman (New York: Library of America, 1990), p. 607.对Sherman的伤亡数字与整个内战的伤亡数字的一个精彩分析，参见James Dawes, “Counting on the Battlefield: Literature and Philosophy After the Civil War,” in The Language of War: Literatureand Culture in the U.S. from the Civil War through World War II (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), quote on p.29。关于McClellan，参见George B. McClellan, McClellan’s Own Story (New York: C. L. Webster & Co., 1887),与Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988)。

[6]关于Lee，参见William F. Fox, Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861—1865 (Albany, N.Y.: Albany Publishing Company, 1889; rpt. 2002), p. 559。关于Lee在葛底斯堡战役后对伤亡统计数据的篡改，参见Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol.2 : From Fredericksburg to Meridian (New York: Random House, 1963), p. 578。

[7] William F. Fox, “The Chances of Being Hit in Battle,” Century Illustrated Magazine 36 (May 1888): 94; Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 7.

[8]Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 57.

[9] John William De Forest, Miss Ravenel’s Conversion from Secession to Loyalty (New York: Harper, 1867), pp. 482—483.另参见John W. De Forest, A Volunteer’s Adventures: A Union Captain’s Record of the Civil War, ed. James H. Croushore (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946), p. 151.关于南部邦联官兵名册的不可靠性，参见W. H. Taylor to J. E. Hagood, January 13, 1863, Hagood Papers, SCL。关于伤亡统计报告的错谬，参见George C. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), pp. 288—289。

[10] J. J. Woodward, The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, Part I, Vol. I: Medical History (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1870), pp. xxx, xxxi;Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861—1865, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901), p. 6; “Notes on the Unon and Confederate Armies,” in Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York: Century, 1889), pp. 767—768.关于抚恤金，参见Megan McClintock, “Civil War Pensions and the Reconstruction of Union Families,” Journal of American History 83 (September 1996): 456—480; Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992); William H. Glasson, Federal Military Pensions in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1918)。

[11] Mabel E. Deutrich, Struggle for Supremacy: The Career of General Fred C. Ainsworth (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1962), pp. 46, 91. Compiled Military Service Records (CMSR)已成为了内战研究者与系谱学者的一个必备工具。现已出版了一个索引，其中包含由Silas Felton所写的一个有用的引言。这篇引言讲解了CMSR的起源，并列出了各州官兵名册的书目信息。参见Janet B. Hewett, ed., The Roster of UnionSoldiers, 1861—1865 (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 1997。Robert Krick为Janet B. Hewett, ed., The Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861—1865 (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 1995)一书写了引言，并在其中同样加入了概论与各州士兵名册目录。

[12] Samuel P. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861—1865, (Harrisburg, Pa.: B. Singerly, 1869—1871), vol. 1, pp. iv—v.

[13] Higginson, Massachusetts in the Army and Navy, vol. 1, p. 568; Silas Felton, “Introduction,” in Hewett, ed., Roster of Union Soldiers, vol. 1, p. 29.

[14] James David Hacker最新的一项研究，发现了南部邦联记录的其他一些问题，指出南部死于腹泻与痢疾的士兵人数被严重少算，战争死亡总数应从258000增加到282600。Hacker, “The Human Cost of War: White Population in theUnited States, 1850—1880,” Ph.D. diss. (University of Minnesota, 1999), pp. 41—43。Hacker认为联邦与南部邦联阵亡数字是“比较准确的”（p. 15）。在我看来，他过于乐观了。Battles and Leaders of the Civil War在1889年总结道，“没有资料可供我们”对南部邦联的伤亡“进行一个比较准确的估计”。参见“Notes on the Union and Confederate Armies,” in Johnson and Buel, eds., Battles andLeaders of the Civil War, vol. 4, p. 768).也请注意Robert Krick对“南部邦联人对保存军事记录漠不关心的态度”之评论，见他为Roster of Confederate Soldiers一书所作的引言，p. 4。

[15] A. S. Salley Jr., comp., South Carolina Troops in Confederate Service (Columbia, S.C.: R. L. Bryan Co., 1913), pp. v, vi, vii, viii.一名南部邦联遗孀依据Rives的笔记簿编纂的“死难者名册”（Roll of the Dead），直至1993年才在国家档案馆被找到。它现已被出版为：Roll of the Dead: South Carolina Troops in Confederate State Service (Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1994)。

[16] John W. Moore, Roster of North Carolina Troops in the War Between the States, Prepared by Order of the Legislature of 1881, 4 vols. (Raleigh, N.C.: Ash & Gatling, 1882), vol. 1, p. v.关于Tennessee，参见John Berrien Lindsley, The Military Annals of Tennessee (Nashville, Tenn.: J. M. Lindsley & Co., 1886)。

[17] “Editorial Department,” Southern Historical Society Papers 1 (January—June 1876): 39; “Confederate Losses During the War—Correspondence Between Dr. Joseph Jones and General Samuel Cooper,” Southern Historical Society Papers 7 ( June 1879): 289.

[18] Frederick Phisterer, Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States (1883; rpt.New York: Castle, 2002); Fox, Regimental Losses; Thomas Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901); Frederick Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (1908; rpt. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959).该书1959年重印本有一篇由Bell Irvin Wiley所作的精彩引言。另参见Dyer的书评，American Historical Review 15 ( July 1910): 889—891。

[19] Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 58.

[20] Ibid., p. 1; William F. Fox, “The Chances of Being Hit in Battle,” Century Illustrated Magazine 36 (May 1888): 99.

[21] Fox, Regimental Losses, pp. 58—59.

[22] Ibid., pp. 58, 59, 61.

[23]参见www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/josephstall1137476.htm; Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 46。

[24] Walt Whitman, Memoranda During the War (1875; rpt. Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1993), pp. 74, 73, 74, 75; Walt Whitman, “Reconciliation,” in Whitman, Civil War Poetry and Prose (New York: Dover, 1995) p. 25; Whitman, “As Toilsome I Wander’d Virginia’s Woods”, in Whitman, Civil War Poetry and Prose, p. 25; Whitman, Memoranda, p. 46. Whitman的数字或许源自一封信，即Charles W. Folsom, brevet colonel and assistant quartermaster to Brevet Brigadier General A.J. Perry, U.S. Quartermaster, May 27, 1868。后者为Roll of Honor: Names of Soldiers Who Died in Defence of the American Union, Interred in the National Cemeteries and Other Burial Places (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1868的第16卷写了引言，p. viii. Folsom的分类与数字同Whitman的很相似。

[25]关于“All Quiet”当时的版本，参见，例如“Editor’s Table,” Southern Literary Messenger 34 (September—October 1862): 589,与“Journal of the War,” DeBow’s Review 2 (July 1866): 68—69。

[26] “Only One Killed,” Harper’s Weekly, May 24, 1862, pp. 330—331; Lewis的 话引 自Robert V. Wells, Facing the “King of Terrors”: Death and Society in an American Community, 1750—1990 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 127。

[27]参见H. M. Wharton, War Songs and Poems of the Southern Confederacy (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1904), pp. 153—154, 131—132; “Only”, Harper’s Weekly, January 3, 1863; “One of Many,” Harper’s Weekly, April 16, 1864. “Only a Private Killed”是一首由H. L. Gordon创作、1861年11月12日送给E. H. Ogden女士的诗歌之副诗，GLC6559.01.038, Gilder Lehrman Collection, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, NYHS。

[28]关于内战时期的伤感，参见Alice Fahs, “The Sentimental Soldier,” in Fahs, The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861—1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 93—119,与Frances M. Clarke, “Sentimental Bonds: Suffering, Sacrifice and Benevolence in the Civil War North,” Ph.D. diss. ( Johns Hopkins University, 2001)。关于讽刺，参见Claire Colebrook, Irony (New York: Routledge, 2004)。

[29] Fox, Regimental Losses, p. 574.

[30]“统计学”（statistics）一词的词根为“国家”（state）。 ——译注

尾声

[1] Walter Lowenfels, ed. and comp., Walt Whitman’s Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960), p. 15; Bierce的话引自Daniel Aaron, The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1973), p. 183。

[2] Bierce的话引自Roy Morris Jr., Ambrose Bierce: Alone in Bad Company (New York: Crown, 1996), p. 205; Sidney Lanier to Bayard Taylor, August 7, 1875, in Charles R. Anderson and Aubrey H. Starke, eds., Letters, 1874—1877, The Centennial Edition of the Works of Sidney Lanier (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1945), vol. 9, p. 230。

[3] Susannah Hampton to Dear Sir, September 14, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 2, box 597, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.

[4] Melville的话引自Lee Rust Brown, “Introduction,” in Herman Melville, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War: Civil War Poems (1866; rpt. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), p. viii.

[5] Lucy Rebecca Buck, Sad Earth, Sweet Heaven: The Diary of Lucy Rebecca Buck During the War Between the States (Birmingham, Ala.: Cornerstone, 1973), p. 50.

[6] Frederick Douglass, “The Mission of the War,” in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass (New York: International Publishers, 1950), vol. 3, p. 397.

[7] E. B. Whitman, “Remarks on National Cemeteries,” in W. T.Sherman et al., The Army Reunion (Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co., 1869), p. 225; Herman Melville, “A Utilitarian View of the Monitor’s Fight,” in Battle-Pieces, p. 62.

[8] Walt Whitman, “The Million Dead, Too, Summed Up,” Specimen Days (1882; rpt. Boston: David Godine, 1971), p. 59.

[9] William McKinley, “Speech Before the Legislature in Joint Assemblyat the State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia, December 14, 1898,” Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley from March 1, 1897 to May 30, 1900 (New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1900), p.159.

[10] Douglass的话引自David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), p. 238; Ambrose Bierce, “To E. S.Salomon” [1903], in Bierce, Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period: The Complete Civil War Writings of Ambrose Bierce, ed. Russell Duncan and David J. Klooster (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), p. 334。

[11] Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Soldier’s Faith: An Address Delivered on Memorial Day, May 30, 1895, at a Meeting Called by the Graduating Class of Harvard University (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1895).在1884年的阵亡将士纪念日，Holmes曾在New Hampshire的Keene发表了这一演说的一个较早版本。参见harvardregiment.org/memorial.htm。