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■注释
1.Leonard Billet,The Free Market Approach to Educational Reform,Rand Paper P-6141(Santa Monica,Calif.:The Rand Corporation,1978),pp.27-28.
2.From The Good Society,as quoted by Wallis in An Over-Governed Society,p.viii.
3.Quoted by E.G.West,“The Political Economy of American Public School Legislation,”Journal of Law and Economics,vol.10(October 1967),pp.101-28,quotation from p.106.
4.Ibid.,p.108.
5.注意这里有个词容易使人产生误解。“公共的”和“政府的”这两个词的意思是一样的,不过在某些情况下,如“公用事业”“公共图书馆”等,意思并不一样。在学校教育方面,哈佛大学难道哪方面不如马萨诸塞大学那样“公共”吗?
6.Ibid.,p.110.
7.R.Freeman Butts,Encyclopaedia Britannica,vol.7(1970),p.992.
8.W.O.L.Smith,Encyclopaedia Britannica,vol.7(1970),p.988.
9.Ibid.,pp.988-989.
10.E.G.West,Education and the State(London:The Institute of Economic Affairs,1965).
11.Gammon,Health and Security,p.27.
12.我们要感谢赫勃特·洛布森兹(Herbert Lobsenz)和辛西亚·萨沃(Cynthia Savo),他们整理出了《市场数据汇集》,我们从《市场数据汇集》的“教育数据库”中得到了所需要的数据。
13.确实,许多这种公立学校可以说实际上是赋税漏洞。如果上私立学校,学费是不能减免联邦所得税的。公立学校是用地方税收资助的,因而不必纳税。
14.One of us first proposed this voucher plan in Milton Friedman,“The Role of Government in Education,”in Robert A.Solo,ed.,Economics and the Public Interest(New Brunswick,N.J.:Rutgers University Press,1955).A revised version of this article is Chapter 6 of Capitalism and Freedom.
15.Ibid.,p.86.
16.See Christopher Jencks and associates,Education Vouchers:A Report on Financing Elementary Education by Grants to Parents(Cambridge,Mass.:Center for the Study of Public Policy,December 1970);John E.Coons and Stephen D.Sugarman,Education by Choice:The Case for Family Control(Berkeley:University of California Press,1978).
17.Coons and Sugarman,Education by Choice,p.191.
18.Ibid.,p.130.
19.Wealth of Nations,vol.II,p.253(Book V,Chap.I).
20.例如“争取教育自由公民会”、“全国争取个人教育权利协会”。
21.“教育代金券研究会”1979年5月正式成立于密歇根州。
22.Kenneth B.Clark,“Alternative Public School Systems,”in the special issue on Equal Educational Opportunity of the Harvard Educational Review,vol.38,no.1(Winter 1968),pp.100-113;passage cited from pp.110-111.
23.Daniel Weiler,A Public School Voucher Demonstration:The First Year at Alum Rock,Rand Report No.1495(Santa Monica,Calif.:The Rand Corporation,1974).
24.Henry M.Levin,“Aspects of a Voucher Plan for Higher Education,”Occasional Paper 72-77,School of Education,Stanford University,July 1972,p.16.
25.Carnegie Commission on Higher Education,Higher Education:Who Pays?Who Benefits?Who Should Pay?(McGraw-Hill,June 1973),pp.2-3.
26.Ibid.,p.4.
27.Ibid.,p.4.
28.Ibid.,p.15.
29.Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching,More than Survival:Prospects for Higher Education in a Period of Uncertainty(San Francisco:Jossey Bass Publishers,1975),p.7.
30.Carnegie Commission,Higher Education,p.176。书中的数字不是根据卡内基委员会制作的表格计算的,而是根据该委员会引用的资料来源:Table 14,U.S.Census Reports Series P.20 for 1971,no.241,p.40.我们在计算时发现卡内基报告中的数字有些小错误。我们给出的数字多少会使人产生误解,因为与配偶住在一起的已婚学生是按他们自己和他们配偶的家庭的收入归类,而不是按他们父母的收入归类。如果不包括已婚学生,数字会更大:收入低于5000美元的家庭的孩子有22%上私立学校,收入在5000~10000美元之间的家庭为17%,收入高于10000美元的家庭为25%。
31.根据美国国情普查局的数字,在1971年在校的18~24岁的公立院校学生当中,来自收入低于5000美元的家庭的学生不到14%,虽然在这一年龄组,22%以上的人来自这些低收入家庭。57%的公立院校学生来自收入高于10000美元家庭,虽然在这一年龄组,来自这些高收入家庭的人只占40%。以上数字也是有偏差的,因为它们计入了同配偶生在一起的已婚学生。在公立院校学生中,只有9%来自收入低于5000美元的家庭,虽然在18~24岁的人口中,有18%来自这些低收入家庭。将近65%的未婚学生来自收入高于10000美元的家庭,虽然在18~24岁的人口中,只有50%多一点的人属于这些家庭。顺便提一下,关于本注释和前一个注释,有一点值得指出,就是卡内基委员会在总结报告中列举数字时,甚至没有说明它把已婚的和未婚的学生无区别地混在了一起,而这样做显然使结果偏低,未能充分说明政府对高等教育的资助实际上是使收入从低收入阶层转向高收入阶层。
32.道格拉斯M.温德姆(Douglas M.Windham)曾两次估算了四个收入等级在1967~1968年从公共高等教育中得到的好处和由此遭受的损失。按他的估算,收入转移的程度较小,其估算结果如下:
33.W.Lee Hansen and Burton A.Weisbrod,Benefits,Costs,and Finance of Public Higher Education(Chicago:Markom Publishing Co.,1969),p.76.表中第5行的数字是我们计算的。注意:第3行有关赋税的数字,与佛罗里达州的数字不一样,包括所有赋税,而不只是用于资助高等教育的赋税。
34.Carnegie Commission,Higher Education,p.7.
35.Originally published in Milton Friedman,“The Role of Government in Education,”and reprinted in slightly revised form in Capitalism and Freedom;q uotation from p.105 of the latter.
36.Educational Opportunity Bank,a Report of the Panel on Educational Innovation to the U.S.Commissioner of Education and the Director of the National Science Foundation(Washington,D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,August 1967).Supporting material was presented in K.Shell,F.M.Fisher,D.K.Foley,A.F.Friedlaender(in association with J.Behr,S.Fischer,K.Mosenson),“The Educational Opportunity Bank:An Economic Analysis of a Contingent Repayment Loan Program for Higher Education,”National Tax Journal,March 1968,pp.2-45,as well as in unpublished documents of the Zacharias Panel.
37.For the statement of the association,see National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges,Proceedings,November 12-15,1967,pp.67-68.For the Smith quotation,Wealth of Nations,vol.I,p.460(Book IV,Chap III),where the reference is to traders seeking government protection from foreign goods.
38.Carnegie Commission,Higher Education,p.121.
39.Quoted from Capitalism and Freedom,pp.99-100.