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美国联邦政府的权力
第一次公司权力的严重削弱发生在1887年,美国国会成立了州际商务委员会(Interstate Commerce Commission),负责管理州界之外的交通营运路线。三年后,《谢尔曼反托拉斯法案》(Sherman Antitrust Act)首度尝试对大公司进行监管,这部法案解释说,大公司的规模限制了行业发展。但是脱缰野马难以挽回。大政府时代到来以前,公司整合已经开启。20年的时间里,在美国的40万家企业中,不到600家公司控制着一半的国家资产。当最高法院裁定托拉斯受到反托拉斯法管制时,兼并才逐渐减少了一些。
洛克菲勒被迫解散了他的托拉斯,建立了一个规模较小的标准石油的集群。这其间存在一幕资本主义的道德剧。1909年,联邦法院下令解散了标准石油公司,以前曾因公司的纽约总部集权管理而烦恼的经理们终于有机会可以尝试新技术。这里隐藏了一则定律,也就是约瑟夫·熊彼特著名的一条推论,资本主义包含创造性破坏。既定权威的周期性解放可以给资本主义带来好处,那些渴望实验、创新和学习新鲜想法的人因此获得了自由。[50]
一方面,随着19世纪渐近尾声,美国的公司权力不断壮大。西方政府的帝国式突袭使非洲和亚洲国家对它们国内的资本家更加通融。1913年,美国联邦政府在找到有效提高收入的方法以前,批准了《宪法第十六条修正案》,但是面对美国的商业利益,不能通过所得税仍让人感觉到了对政府权力不同寻常的限制。[51]另一方面,在种族和性别的问题上,各州都严格限制了非洲裔美国人的迁移,并且制定了亲密行为的准则。
20世纪伊始,大多数西方君主国开启了资本主义的冒险之旅,它们带着现代化的物品、态度、体制以及文化优越感踏上亚洲和非洲的土地。它们居高临下地对落后国家发号施令,并且夸耀自己的文明使命,一副妄自尊大的嘴脸。在私营领域,大公司不断巩固市场,一些小公司因此遭到淘汰。这个星球的人口越来越稠密,利用自然资源的机械化生产也越来越多,化石燃料的消耗速度尤其惊人。西方之外的小国家以及西方世界内部公共领域的倡导者都看清了一个真相,即帝国霸权和跨国公司掌握了世界的方向盘,它们很有可能横行霸道。
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