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Abbe,Ernst,207-8
abortion,355,378
Acapulco trade,30
Addams,Jane,217
advanced economies,171-72,267,351
Advancement of Learning,The(Bacon),141
advertising,224-25,346,347
TV commercials and,307-8
Afghanistan,425
AFL-CIO,411
Africa,7-10,21,115,229-38,350,424
craftsmen in,145
Dutch in,44
empire building in,229,233-38,240,263,268,420
European missionaries to,230-33,240
immigrants to,210
Portuguese in,8,10,30,34,35,124,237
rubber in,234,237,261
trade in,8,10,34,43,66,124-25,129,420
warfare in,125
African Americans,135,182,263,320
credit and,307
in Roaring Twenties,271
segregation and,137,216,219,300,321,324,388
unions and,219,302,321
voting rights of,215
Afrikaners(Boers),236-37
Agricultural Revolution,13,73-86,137,392
industrialization and,85-86
agriculture,54,56-86,194-95,291,352,420
collective farms,267
description of traditional practices in,60
effects of enclosures on,80-82
famines and,see famines
Great Depression and,277
innovation in,12,13,21,52,64,73-84,116
labor for,5,10,52,54,57,60,63,69,70,75-76,80,86,138-39,167,170,215,245,299,352,390,417
manuals on,76
population growth and,5-6,65-70,72,79,84,255
specialization and,209
subsidies for,367-68,369
World War Ⅰ and,270
see also specific crops
Aid to Families with Dependent Children,322
airlines,308,333,346
airplanes,259,308
air pressure,143,144
Akins,James,327
Alabama,133,151,175,176
Alaska Permanent Fund,430
Albert,Prince,166
Albuquerque,Afonso de,29-30,34
Alembert,Jean Le Rond d’,144
Algeria,210,235,285
Allen,Paul,343-44,348
Alliance for Progress,329
Alsace-Lorraine,173,269,296
alternating current,256
Aluminum Corporation of America,239
Aluminum Corporation of China,239
Amazon,234,261,346-47
Ambani,Mukesh D.,395
Amboina,45
American Federation of Labor(AFL),219,220,221,225-26,302
American International Group(AIG),402,403
American Revolution,53,113,161-62,168,174,189,363
Amsterdam,32,42,46,52,173,188,292
anarchists,212-13,214,220,221
Angola,286
Anhui Province,376
antibiotics,316
anticommunism,286,303-4,338,353
anti-Semitism,173,211,280,283,292
antisubmarine programs,283
antitrust policies,U.S.,218,263,319,341,356
Antwerp,42,129,188
Apple,342-45,349
Arabian Peninsula,oil in,262,326
Arabs,27,34,59,134,145,285,326
slaves of,124,232
sugar growing of,126
trade of,12-13,28
Arawaks,29
architecture,145,246,257,301,308
Arendt,Hannah,241
Argentina,135,194,196,210,214,302,333,351,352,414
aristocracy,169,198,417
consumer culture vs.,223
as contemptuous of commerce,32-33,35-36,46,88
diet of,64
Dutch,45
English,46-47,55,76,78,93,97,103,109,160
French,47,51,113
German,171,186,194,199,214
Japanese(samurai),243,244,245
Portuguese,13,29-30,47
Spanish,13,30,35-36,46,47,97
Aristotle,142,143
Arkwright,Richard,122,150
ARPANET,345
Articles of Confederation,162
artisans,50,59,60,97,103,243
in Netherlands,44,46
artists,art,50,235,246,328
Christian,28
Dutch,44,181
Asia,7-9,14,27,33,36,54,124,134,299,350,415
economic arrival of,398-99
European empire building in,229-30,263,269
financial crisis in(1997),356,380,401,405
asiento,126,130
assembly line,211,257-58,261,266,340
Aswan Dam,315
AT&;T(American Telephone and Telegraph Company),314,319,324,341
Atatürk,Mustafa Kemal,269
Atlantic Ocean,8,10,27,31,39,43,64,130,137,239,366,420
Spanish treasure fleets in,30,37,42
World War Ⅱ and,282
atomic bomb,285,304,313
Australia,164,195,296,353,398
immigration to,209,210,282,299
Austria,84,123,165,168,169,172,173,270
Nazi seizure of,280
Austria-Hungary,183,265-68,270
authority,111,114-15,143,174,413
weakening of,79,93,169
automobiles,222,250,257-61,352,421
cost of,258
credit for,306
electric,393,433
gasoline for,204,260,261
in Germany,199,257,258,298,299
in Japan,272,335,337,339-41
rubber for,238,261
strikes and,321
in U.S.,222,250,257-61,337、340,341,359,410-11,414
World War Ⅱ and,298-99
Aztec,28,30,46,100,133,145
B-2 Northrup Grumman “stealth bombers,” 313
B-24 Consolidated “Liberator,” 284
B-29 Boeing “Superfortress,” 281
backward economies,171-72,173,267,293,350
Bacon,Francis,97,141-42
balanced budgets,276-77,278
balance of trade theory,96,103,104,106
Balkans,84,172,432
Baltic countries,42,64,72,84,312
Bangladesh,285,389,392,426-27
Bank of Amsterdam,42
Bank of China,375
Bank of England,92,111-12,113,188,275
Bank of France,188
Bank of the United States,189
bankruptcy,192,275,356,410,416
banks,186-90,318,346,413
Great Depression and,274-75,276
investment,333,403,404,405-6,408
moral hazard and,416
poverty and,426-27
see also specific countries
Barbados,128,130,131
Barnes,Peter,425,429-30
Batavia,45
Beijing:
June Fourth Incident in(1989),372,379
Olympics in,365,383-84
Belgian Congo,235
Belgium,Belgians,46,165,168,172,182,185,254,296
currency of,195
empire building of,229,233-35,240,285
Great Depression in,277
guest workers in,299-300
independence of,42,53
industrialization of,40,53,146,165,212,233
in World War Ⅱ,280,285
Bell,Alexander Graham,255,256
Bell Laboratories,314
Bello,Walden,425,430,431
Bentonville,Ark.,358
Benz,Karl,257,261,298
Berkeley,William,131
Berkman,Alexander,220
Berlin Conference(1884-1885),240,272
Berlin Wall,304
Berners-Lee,Tim,346
Bezos,Jeff,346
Bible,58-59,82,98,104,159
bicycles,238,433
Bill of Rights,English(1689),92
Bill of Rights,U.S.,324
biology:
epigenetics in,22
microscopes and,207
Birmingham,145,147
birth control,23,324,360-61,428-29
Bismarck,Otto von,173,213-14
Blackbeard(Edward Teach),38
Black Death,66,71,84,418
blacks,see African Americans;slaves,slavery;slave trade
Blake,William,152
blood,316
Boers(Afrikaners),236-37
Bollywood,395
Bombay,see Mumbai
bonuses,405,406
bookkeeping,55,69-70
books,93,369
trade in,46,55
Borlaug,Norman,391
Boulton,Matthew,147
Boyle,Robert,97,142,143
Brahmins,388,395
brain drain,391
brand names,224
Braun,Wernher von,311-12
Brazil,30,49,334,374,398,424
abolition of slavery in,124,135,136
Dutch in,44
education in,379
at G20 meetings,414,415
Great Depression and,276
immigration to,210
labor activists in,214
rubber in,237,261
sugar in,31,63,121,127,130
World Trade Organization and,368,369
brazilwood,127,151
bread,57,64
Bretton Woods Conference(1944),291-92,325,367,412
bribery,193,198,375,383,425
BRICs,398,424
see also Brazil;China;India;Russia
Brin,Sergey,347
Bryan,William Jennings,190,196
Bubble Act,192
Buffett,Warren,427
Buick,259,261
building trade,257
Bulgaria,270,290,385
bureaucracy,249,252,253,370
Bureau of Reclamation,U.S.,279
Burke,Edmund,91,93
Burma,282,285,381
Buru Quartet(Pramoedya),247
Bush,George,415
business:
small,252,302
see also corporations;entrepreneurs;firms;specific businesses
Cadillac,259
Cailliau,Robert,346
Calcutta,39,381,394
calendars,245
California,151,196,239,243,326
agriculture in,178
education in,310,311
gold rush in,189,202
immigrants in,189,210
Silicon Valley in,330,334,348,412
Sony plant in,342
California,University of,310,311
call centers,390
cameras,207
Canada,164,165,210,293,296,302,326,413,414
canals,150,172,176,177
Cancún round of trade negotiations,368
Cape Town,236
capital,12,13,24,69,118,178,322,329,368
accumulation of,15,16,229
bank role and,186-87,190
in China,366
cultural,16
defined,6-7
economic choices and,229
human,301
investment,123,173,191,193,350,380-84
in Japan,336,337
patient,380
poverty and,425-26
capitalism:
attitudes and skills required for,54
closing thoughts about,433-36
contemporary,critics of,422-24
as cultural system,4,20-26,119-20
debating the origins of,212-13
definition of,25-26
distinctions of,6-10
eighteenth-century,two faces of,121-62
as juggernaut,286
personal choice and,360-64
puzzle of,3-26
recapitulation of history of,417-22
social ills ascribed to,23-24
start of,118-19
weaknesses of,290-91
see also specific topics
Capitalism 3.0(Barnes),430
Captain Swing demonstrations,153
Caribbean,61-64,133,137,239,420
British soldiers in,136
Columbus’s voyages to,27,30,62,127
emigration from,299,325
privateers and pirates in,37,38
sugar in,63,64,121,125,127,130,161,230
Carnegie,Andrew,201-6,220,248,357
Carnegie Commission on Higher Education,311
Carnegie Steel Company,203,253
Carson,Rachel,328
Cartagena,126,128
cartels,252-53,254,272,341
Cartwright,Edmund,150
caste system,388-89,395,397,398
cathedrals,European,6,16
Catherine Ⅱ(the Great),Empress of Russia,149
Catholicism,17,30,35,42,45,98,117,135,218
science and,13,144
cattle,61,368
CD-ROM(compact disc read-only memory),349
cement,260,276
censorship,92,93,156,383
Central African Republic,58
Central America,133,202,299
Central Europe,55,169
central planning,290,291,375
Cervantes,Miguel de,36,37
Ceylon,34,285
“challenge and response” formula,11
change,329,419,425
in agriculture,71,79
by authority,115
culture and,88
for each generation in China,370-72
economic,15-18
fashion and,103
public receptivity to,14
resistance to,6,35
of work habits,104
see also innovation
Chappe,Claude,183-84
Chappe,Ignace,183-84
charcoal,140
charity,99,275
Charles Ⅴ,King of Spain,35
chemistry,167,199,208,254,255,309,314,419
Chesapeake settlements,37,48
Chiang Kai-shek,282
chief executive officers(CEOs),249,323,405,410
salaries of,411,414
childbirth,182,355,361
children,302,383,416,429
consumption and,223,224
entertainment for,358
nutrition of,363,392
sex ratio of,355,378
see also fertility rates;pregnancies
Chile,208,276,369
China,27,34,49,66,93,133,322,335,360,365-85,387-94,396-99,413,423,424,425,431
agriculture in,368,371,375-76,377,431
automobiles in,374,382
banks in,368,375,380,397
British relations with,229-30,235
calendar and,245
communism in,282,338,354,366,371-72,396-97;see also Communist Party,Chinese
corruption in,383
cotton in,151,165
Cultural Revolution in,371
dependency rate in,378
dramatic change for each generation in,370-72
dual-track system in,375
economic zones in,374-75
education in,379,390-91,397
emigrants from,189,210,218,219,380,424
explorations of,8,9,115
at G20 meetings,414,415
Great Leap Forward in,371
Hong Kong returned to,286,354,375
India compared with,387-88,390-91,393,394,397-98
India’s relations with,381
industrialization in,372,376
investment capital in,380-84
irrigation in,72
Japan compared with,339
Japan’s relations with,245,246,247,282,381
China(continued)
Korea’s relations with,245
marriage in,69
migrants in,377
Olympics in,365
one-child policy in,378,394
population growth in,45,54,72
porcelain of,148,149
press coverage of,383
revolution in,247
Russia compared with,385
savings in,380,382,394,401
science in,9,145
sex ratio in,355,378
silver standard in,54
steel in,334,371
textile industry of,368
Township and Village Enterprise in,376
trade of,9,12-13,45,349,381-82,397
Walmart’s imports from,359
World Trade Organization and,367-70,398
Chittagong University,426
Christianity,49-50,91,159
commercial law and,12
evangelical imperative of,9
feast days and,75,105-6
missionaries,230-33,240
see also specific sects
Chrysler,340,410-11
Chung Ju-yung,352
Churchill,Winston,47,303,304,315
Church of England,117,155
Cities of Salt(Munif),262
Civilian Conservation Corps(CCC),279
civil war,39-42,425
in England,15,39,40-41,51,92,117
Civil War,U.S.,136,151,162,178,203,232,266
cotton shortage and,235
paying for,189-90
U.S. unification and,196
Clarke,Olive Cleaveland,181
Clay,Henry,184
Clemenceau,Georges,296
clerical workers,323-24,390
Clinton,Bill,403
clothiers,95-96,103,139,152-53,379,386
clover,73,74,77
coal,24,26,53,335
in England,51,74,133-34,139,140-41,146,152
in Germany,171,183,194
in U.S.,168,182
Cobbett,William,428
cochineal,151
cocoa,133,420
coffee,10,49,133,140,276
coke,146
Colbert,Jean-Baptiste,114
Cold War,286,303-5,311,321,338,350
China and,372
Collapse(Diamond),412
collective farms,267,376,377
college education,300,309-11
Collier,Paul,424-25
coltan,238
Columbian exchange,28-29
Columbus,Christopher,8,27,28,30,62,125
command economies,267,284,290,366,384,389,431
“commercial capitalism,” 54
commercials,TV,307-8
Committee of European Economic Cooperation,293,295-96
common law,193,216,253
Common Market(European Economic Community),296-97,393
commons,the,430
Common Sense(Paine),19,157,159
communism,213,286,290,293,321
in China,282,338,354,366,371-72,396-97;see also Communist Party,Chinese
containment of,303
Vietnam War and,286
see also Soviet Union
Communist Party,Chinese,366,371,372,374,375,379-80,382-83,387-88,389,397
Compaq,345,349
competition,26,172,176,215,252,254,319,341,409,431-32,435
agriculture and,367
automobiles and,259
Cold War,311
in computer industry,345
cooperation vs.,297
Friedman on,332,333
in oil industry,248-49,261-62
shrinking of,201,250,253,272
warfare and,124,421
computers,313-14,317-20,354,362,422
anxiety about,364
Walmart’s use of,357,358
computers,personal(PCs),342-50
Conan Doyle,Sir Arthur,234-35
concentration camps,208,285,298,299
Concert of Europe,169
Congo,237,238
Congo Free State,233-35,261
Congo River,232,234
Congress,U.S.,177,184,219,239,301,313,367,422
banks and,189
bribing of,193
Cold War and,311,314
corporations and,217,263
labor issues and,301,411
League of Nations and,270,291
Marshall Plan and,293
Native Americans and,196
New Deal and,278,279
tariffs and,203
Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO),221,302
Congress of Vienna,169
Congress Party,Indian,389
Connecticut Valley,327
Conover,Lloyd,316
Conrad,Joseph,234-35
Conservative Party,British,215
Constitution,U.S.,168,174,175,176,363,435
First Amendment to,302
Fourteenth Amendment to,162,215
Sixteenth Amendment to,215
constitutions:
British,159
Indian,388,396
Japanese,244,246,337-38
consumers,consumption,33,49,246,335,394,415
agricultural,66
in China,382,397
in England,96,102-7
Great Depression and,275
importance of,221-27,420
in India,393,394-95,397
luxury,71,104
mass,258
of oil,326,327
postwar,306-7
of tobacco,48,131
Coolidge,Calvin,197
Cooper,James Fenimore,124
cooperation,295-98,304-5,362,412,414
copper,238-39
corn(maize),60,62,277,367,391
corporations,187,191-94,211,215-18,221,289,317,323
agricultural,209
Barnes on,430
family vs. impersonal,250,254
mergers of,250,262,263
military-industrial complex and,314-15
multinational,334,351,369,370,423
restructuring of,247-55
small business vs.,252
stock of,189
taxes of,300
white-collar jobs in,223
World War Ⅰ and,265
see also firms;specific corporations
corporatist economy,295,341
corruption,383,435
Cortés,Hernando,30
Costco,359
cottagers,76,80,81,139
cotton,3,150-51,178,181,190,277,336,367
in American South,132-33,161,162,175
of India,87,103-4,106,140,151,386
Japan’s export of,244
shortage of,235
cotton gin,132-33,151,168,175
cotton spindles,165
Council of the Indies,127-28
craft unions,214,215,216,219
creative destruction,183,263,330,363,422
credit,42,98,277,394,427
in U.S.,176,190,306,307,404-5
credit cards,306
credit default swaps(CDS),403,409
Crédit Mobilier,188,193
credit rating agencies,407,408
cricket,395
Crompton,Samuel,150-51
Crosby,Alfred,11-12
Crystal Palace Exhibition,166,167
Cuba,30,126,130,135,137,369,431
immigration to,210
independence of,239
Cugnot,Nicholas Joseph,257
cultural capital,16
Cultural Revolution,Chinese,371
cultural superiority,attitudes of,262,263-64,281
culture,22,195
of capitalism,4,20-26,119-20
change and,88
English,165
of everyday life,118
globalization and,360
Curaçao,128,262,325
currency,306
Bretton Woods system and,292,325
English crisis of,107-11
exchange rates for,see exchange rates
Great Depression and,275-76,277
of West Germany,294
see also dollar,U.S.;money
Czechoslovakia,270,280,290
Czech Republic,385
Czolgosz,Leon,220
da Gama,Vasco,28
Daimler,Gottlieb,257,261
Daimler Motors,298
Dalai Lama,381
dams,315
Darby,Abraham,146
Darwin,Charles,68
death rate,decline in,211
De Beers Mining Company,237
Debs,Eugene Ⅴ.,219
debt,277,356,398,407
personal,333,366
World War Ⅰ and,267,270,276
Declaration of Independence,U.S.,157,162,434
Defense Department,U.S.,313,314,315,318,345
Defoe,Daniel,43,90,109
de la Roque,Jean,49
De Leon,Daniel,219
Dell,345,349
Dell,Michael,343
Deming,William Edwards,338
democracy,359,362-63,384,411,433-34
in Four Little Tigers,352,353
in India,366,387,389,397
in Japan,337-38,352
thin vs. living,431
Democracy in America(Tocqueville),180-81
Democratic Party,Japanese,339
Democratic Party,U.S.,196,333,369,405
Deng Xiaoping,372,374-79,383
Denmark,10,128,240
trade of,8,31
wars of,173,184,280
department stores,222,306
dependency theory,351,352,366
depression,economic,95,96,248
of 1873,194-96,202,206,252
see also Great Depression
Derby,Elias Hasket,180
deregulation,333,403
derivative securities,400,404,409
derogation,concept of,47
De Soto,Hernando,425,429,431
developing countries,368,369,370,414
see also specific countries
Diamond,Jared,11,241,412
diamonds,237,425
Dias,Bartolomeu,8,28
Dickens,Charles,369
Dickinson,Levi,179
Diderot,Denis,144
direct current,256
disease,28,65,67,211,267,361,421
in Africa,230,231
bacterial,316
Black Death,66,71,84,418
in India,391
Native Americans’vulnerability to,29,125
DNA,361-62
Doha round of trade negotiations,367-69,398
dollar,U.S.,179,195,197,270,276,292,306,307
Japan’s attachment to,339
plunge in value of,325,331
Don Quixote,36
Drake,Sir Francis,37,38
Drew,Charles,316
drugs,133,229,316,361
Dubai,392,424
Dunlop,John,238
du Pont,Eleuthère Irénée,241
du Pont,Pierre,251
DuPont Company,249,251
Durant,William,259
Dutch East India Company,44,45,52,236
Dutch East Indies,World War Ⅱ and,282,285
Dutch West India Company,44,128
DVDs,345,368
dyes,127,151,254,255
East Asian NICs(newly industrialized countries),see Four Little Tigers
Eastern Europe,7,126,184,211,303,366,390,431
agriculture in,209,270
postwar,286,287,293
serfs in,71
shock without therapy in,384-85
East Germany,294,304,354
East Indies,8,21,61
trade in,3,27,28,29,31,34,38-39,54,63,415,417
World War Ⅱ and,282,283
ecology,315
economic development,169,198,212,306,418,428
in China,366-67,373-74,379-83,389,399
consumption and,104,105
food prices as limit on,70-72
in Four Little Tigers,350,352-55
in Germany,167,170-74,185,199
in India,366-67,394,399
of Japan,335
slavery and,136
Smith on,212-95
in U.S.,174-81,189,199
economic man,332
economic reasoning,100
economics:
change and analysis in,15-18
as profession,118
economies of agglomeration,146
Edison,Thomas Alva,255-56
education,9,214,243,249,379,438
in China,379,390-91,397
engineering,185,254
in Germany,254,255
in India,379,391,392
in U.S.,300,309-11,313,322
Egypt,34,151,196,326,429
nationalism in,236,268
Egypt,ancient,124
Eisenhower,Dwight,314,414
elasticity of demand,103-4,106
electrical engineering,254-55
electrical equipment,223,254,255
electricity,4,167,199,207,227,254-57,307,335,419,421
automobiles and,393,433
dams and,315
transistor and,330
electronics,298,307,314,319
in the Four Little Tigers,354
in Japan,342,345,349
Walmart’s use of,358
elevators,257
Elizabeth Ⅰ,Queen of England,35,37,99
Ellis Island,210,211
e-mail,347,349
embargoes,282,327
empire building,228-30,233-42
Berlin Conference and,240,271
empiricism,97
Employee Free Choice Act(EFCA),411
employers,419,420
employment:
full or near-full,331
government,278,279
lifetime,341
enclosures,80-82,89
encomiendas,31
encyclopedia,144
energy,74,122,147
see also coal;fossil fuels;oil;waterpower Energy Department,U.S.,361
engineering,engineers,185,309,313,318,319,330,342,379
electrical,254-55
in India,386,391
engineering schools,185,254
engines,122
internal-combustion,257,261
steam,4,33,144-48,150,165
England,7-16,37-43,74-118,128-69,242,362,417-18
advanced vs. backward economies and,171,172
agriculture in,12,15,57,61,68,71,74-85,114-15,138-39,143,170,195,245,352,392,417
author in,20
banks in,92,111-12,113,173,188,275
canal building in,150
civil war in,15,39,40-41,51,92,117
clothiers in,95-96,103,139,152-53,379,386
copying of,21,120
currency crisis in,107-11
Dutch as model for,99-101
enclosures in,80-82,89
Enlightenment in,156-59
horses in,67,74
immigration to,299
in India,39,45,103,164,281,326,385-89,391,396
industrialization in,74,104,137-41,145-56,163-66,187-88,215,417,418
law in,47,57,82,106,115,117,118,153,154,192,193,253
mercantilism in,96-97,101,103,104,106,107,116
monopolies granted in,40,41,51
navy of,51,113,132,137
new economic discourse in,89-94,96,102
in New World,9,10,37,39,48,50,63,79,117,128-38,140
plain features of,11
Poor Laws in,82,154
population growth in,84,139,165
pottery making in,148-50
privateers and pirates of,37-39
risk management in,187
scientific revolution in,141-45
slave trade of,121,124,126,129-30
textile industry in,150-53,160,165,175,182,198,336
textiles imported by,87,103-6
trade of,28,31,34,35,38-41,45-48,50-51,64,95-96,105,112,113,123,124,138,139,164,305
as trailblazer,10-15
trust in,118
villages abandoned in,66
wars of,37,52,111,113,123-24,208,265-68,270
English East India Company,39,87,94,96-97,102-6,229,386
engravings,29
ENIAC,313
Enlightenment,144,156-62,169,241,328,434
entertainment,256,271,307,358,360,365
in India,395
entrepreneurs,115-16,134,198-208,295,335
black,216
British,192,198
French,129
German,200-202,206-8
kings and statesmen as,229,233-35
risk taking of,248
U.S.,192,199-206,216,317
environment,333
damage to,315,328,330,339,392,422,423,432
protection of,370
environmentalists,315,328
epigenetics,22
equality,134-35,169,241,434
Equal Pay Act(1963),324
espionage,industrial,164-65,228
Essar Group,393
Essay on Population(Malthus),67-68
Estates-General,156
Ethiopia,49,126,236,273
Europe,27,54,303,334,363,381,394,413
consumer culture in,223
labor activists in,213-15
population growth in,211
Europe,Western,7-17,21,287,303,304,375,378,387,418
Asia compared with,14
corporatist economy in,295,341
Great Divergence in,12-15
IWA in,213
Japan compared with,335
postwar,293-300,325,329,350,421
quantitative understanding in,12
trade dominated by,34-39
European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC),296
European Economic Community(Common Market),296-97,393
European Organization for Nuclear Research,346
European Payment Union,296,306
European Recovery Program,293
European Union,297,367-70,385,398
exchange rates,90,96,375
fixed,195,196
floating,325-26,331,375
exploitation,10,23-24,133,135,229,351
in China,397
labor,370
oil and,262
see also slaves,slavery;slave trade
exploration,8-10,13,21,30,36,54,61
by China,8,9,115
Explorer Ⅰ,309,310
Fabian Society,215
factories,420
appearance of,148-50,152-55
assembly lines in,211,257-58,261,266
environmental effects of,333
failed states,424-25
famines,5-6,23,28,56-59,67,71,431
in Asia,45,371,426,428,431
in Europe,6,51,56,57,62,66,69,83,85,153,418
present-day,58,86
Farnsworth,Philo,307
fascism,272-73,280,293
Federal Aviation Administration,308
Federal Highways Acts,301
Federalists,176
Federal Reserve,325,332
Federal Reserve Banks,190,404-5,410
Federal Steel,253
fertility rates,23,209,211,271,325,361,378,391
fertilizer,73,74,208,392
financial services,dominance of,413
firms,248-54,301,362
bureaucracy and,249,252
as defense contractors,284
in Japan,272,341
use of term,248
First World,350-51,423
Fleming,Alexander,316
Florence,4-5,32
flyboats,43,52,100
Focus on the Global South,431
food,3,56-86,94,105,113-14,153,209,291
New World,27,28-29,54,60-64
preservation of,42,56,60,63,130
spices and,28
U.S. production of,174,177
see also agriculture;specific foods
Food First,430-31
food prices,51,57,64,65,69-72,79,82,84,116,182,368,369,417,431
economic development limited by,70-72
in France,85
grain,70,71,72,77,194-95,209,431
India and,392,393
Ford,Henry,257-59,319,357,411
Model A and T of,258-59,261,337
Ford dealerships,258-59
Ford Foundation,391-92
Fordism,258
Ford Motor Company,257-59,284,298,337,340,393,410,411
Forest Service,U.S.,279
fossil fuels,123,140-41,147,208,264,422
see also coal;oil
Four Little Tigers,334,350,352-56,366,369
see also Hong Kong;Singapore;South Korea;Taiwan
France,49-52,172,182,193,199,358,412,414,424,433
agriculture in,51,52,84-85,114-15,129,195
automobiles in,257,258,298
banks in,112,173,188
British rivalry with,138
colonial wars of,285,286
commercial capitalism and,54
computers in,344-45
copying England and,21,120
currency of,195
emigrants from,189,210
empire building and,229,234,235,236,240,242,245,268,285,420
Enlightenment in,144,156-57
in German occupation,294
Great Depression in,277
guest workers in,299-300
indicative path and,289
industrial espionage of,165
industrialization in,51,52,144,146,212,418
in New World,9,10,50,63,112,128-29,136,235
physiocracy in,114-15
population growth in,79,80,84
postwar,289,290,296,299-300,325
pottery making in,148
privateers and pirates of,37,38-39
railroads in,183,185
science in,142
single mothers in,361
slavery abolished by,136
slave trade of,121,129
socialists in,289
syndicalists in,212
taxes in,51,85,112-15
trade of,8,28,31,34,35,38-39,47,49,64,85,123,124,138,305
transportation problems in,51,84,129,173,305
wars of,52,111,123-24,168-69,173
World Trade Organization and,370
World War Ⅰ and,265-70,276,296
World War Ⅱ and,280,281,283,285,316
Franco,Francisco,293
Franco-Prussian War(1870-1871),173,196,235,266,269
Frank,Andrew Gunder,351
Frank,Barney,414
Franklin,Benjamin,144
freedom,160,161-62,278,304,418,429
of expression,93
political,420
sexual,260,361
free enterprise,24-25,122,131,176,194,246,267,291
democracy and,366
ethic of pleasure and,416
optimism and,273
freeholders(yeomen),57,71,76,82
free trade,107,164,169,176,254,270,305,367,368
French East India Company,49
French Revolution,52,67,156-57,168,169,174,241,434
Frick,Henry Clay,220
Friedman,Milton,332-33,351
Friedman,Rose,332
Friedman,Thomas,415
Fujitsu,349
G7 countries,414
G20 countries,414-15
Gabilondo,Iñaki,94
Galileo Galilei,97,141,142,143
Gandhi,Mahatma,387,396,397,398
gasoline,204,260,261,326
gas stations,260
Gates,Bill,202,203,343-44,348,427
genenomics,362
General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade(GATT),292,367
General Electric,342,409
General Motors(GM),250,251,259,284,298,321,337,340,341,414
decline of,410-11
in India,393
Genoa,8,32,292
Georgia,151,175
Germany,Germans,120,167-74,198-202,286,335,414,415,424
agriculture in,164,170-71,208,255,292
Allied occupation of,294
automobiles in,199,257,258,298,299
banks in,173,186,187-88
computers in,344-45
corporations in,193-94,252-55
currency of,195
depression in,196
economic development in,167,170-74,185,199
education in,214,254,255
emigrants from,174,210,211
empire building and,229,234-37,240,268,420
Great Britain compared with,199,248,255
Great Depression in,277,298
hyperinflation in,270
industrial espionage of,165
industrialization in,146,164,165,173,199,212,215,255,265-66,418
labor activists in,213-14
leviathans of industry in,200-202,206-8
nationalism in,168-73,185,199
Nazi,see Nazis
population growth in,65,80,84,255
postwar,290,292,294,295,325
Río Tinto mines and,238-39
science in,63,142,207,208,311-13,315-16
technology in,182-85
trade of,138
transportation in,172-73,183,185,194,199
U.S. compared with,167-68,172,181,198,213,255
wars of,65,172,173,184,208,255,276
in World War Ⅰ,265-70,276,283
in World War Ⅱ,280-81,283-85
GI Bill,300,303,310
Gilbert,W.S.,246
Gilded Era,202,217
Glass-Steagall Act(1933),402
globalization(global economy),4,7,23,194,415,423,435
China and,335,382,383,425
Great Depression and,273
India and,335,387,425
recession of 2008-2009 and,400,407,413
supranationalism and,370
U.S. labor and,360
global warming,432
God,17,18,58,125,184-85,220
Goddard,Robert,311-12
Goebbels,Joseph,312
gold,45,48,63,71,131,270
of England,102-3
of Portugal,8,34
of Spain,27,28,30,37,38,100
of U.S.,168,189,203
value of,107-10,195
Golden Rule,99
Goldman,Emma,220
Goldman Sachs,408
gold standard,189,195,196,267
demise of,275-76,325
Gompers,Samuel,219,225-26
Good Hope,Cape of,8,28,29,44,49
Good Housekeeping,224
Goodyear,Charles,238
Google,347,383
Gore,Albert,432
government,14,288-89,297,331-33
agricultural improvement and,76
in communism,213
creation of,109
Friedman on,332,333
government(continued)
Keynes on,277,278,331-33
Locke on,109,110
poverty and,429
government regulation,24,55,59,216-17,263,333,401,409
Graduate,The(movie),309
grain,5,15,57-60,62,64,65-66,70-75,81,84,181
Dutch shipping of,42,43
in France,51,84,85,115
India’s importing of,392-93
price of,70,71,72,77,194-95,209,431
see also rice;wheat
Grameen Bank,426-27,431
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Service Modernization Act(1999),403,409
gravity,Newton’s work on,97,101,122,142-43
Great Britain,113,122,182-85,198,200,207,335,412,414
automobiles in,258
banks in,390
computers in,344-45
in Concert of Europe,169
constitution of,159
corporations in,192
emigrants from,189,210
empire building and,229-30,234-37,240,268,285,286,354,385-87,420
free trade policy of,164,254
Friedman’s influence in,332
in German occupation,294,298
Germany compared with,199,248,255
gold standard in,195
Great Depression in,275-76,277
in Hong Kong,230,235,245
indicative path and,289
Industrial Revolution in,137-41,145-56,163-67,187-88,212,215
Japan compared with,336,338
Japan’s relations with,242,245
labor activists in,213,214
oil industry of,262
postwar,289,290,299,325
radios in,271
Río Tinto mines and,238-39
rubber plantations of,261
slavery abolished by,136,137
socialists in,289
U.S. compared with,167,199,248
use of term,91
wealth in,91
World War Ⅰ and,265-68,270,276
World War Ⅱ and,279,280-83,285
see also England;Scotland
Great Depression,253,273-80,283,298,301,302,318,331,367,402,414,421
causes of,274,279
New Deal and,278-79
weaknesses of capitalism exposed by,290-91
Great Divergence,12-15
Greater Antilles,125-26
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,281,282,337
Great Leap Forward,371
Greece,295,424
emigration from,210,211
guest workers from,299-300
Truman Doctrine and,303
Greece,ancient,124,159
greed,23,408-9,422
Greenland,240
Green Revolution,392,432-33
Greenspan,Alan,408,422
G-type automatic loom,336
Guangzhou,375
guest workers,299-300,325
guilds,36,42,55,59,171
guns,234,237
gutta-percha,207
Haber,Fritz,208
Haiti,130,133
Hamilton,Alexander,174,176
Hapsburg Empire,39-40,42,45
Harding,Chester,181
Hargreaves,James,150
Harrington,Michael,328
Haymarket Square riot,218-19
Haywood,Big Bill,219
health,health care,211,315-16,321,392,411,421
in China,378,397
hedge funds,400,405,407,408,409
Helsinki Accord,286,361
Hemings,Elizabeth,175
Henry the Navigator,Prince,8,10
Henry Ⅷ,King of England,99
herring,42,43,52,64,73,99,128
Hershey Company,415
Hill,Joe,219
Hinduism,Hindus,286,396
caste system and,388-89,395,397
Hitachi,342,349
Hitler,Adolf,258,280,281,290,292,298,299
Hobbes,Thomas,19
Ho Chi Minh,268
Hohenzollern dynasty,173
Holland,see Amsterdam;Netherlands
Holy Roman Empire,168-69,171
Home Depot,359
Honda,339-40,393,410
Hong Kong,282,334-35,350,352-55,358,380,384,402
British in,230,235,245,286,354,375
Hoover,Herbert,275
Hoovervilles,275
horse power,147
horses,61,67,74,147
House of Commons,English,47,117,130,156
House of Lords,English,117
houses,housing,301,302,306,324,333,404,433
price of,400,405,407,408,410
see also mortgages
Hu Jintao,415
Human Genome Project,361-62
human nature,4,17,91,102,107,362-63,420
definitions of,19
Smith’s opinions about,19-20
human rights,161,216,361,396,420
Hume,David,112
Hungary,84,173,210,270,290,385
hydrogen bomb,304
hyphenated Americans,212,221
Hyundai,352
IBM(International Business Machines),315,317-20,341,415-16
personal computers and,343-45,349,350
Iceland,402
ICICI,427
Illinois,University of,346
immigration,immigrants,86,174,209-12,215,282,299,320,419-20,423
to California,189,210
illegal,219,323
quotas for,221
remittances sent home by,325,392,424
unions and,218,221,302
U.S. living conditions of,217,218
to Western Europe,299
imperative path,289,290
import substitution,276,351,353
Inca,28,30,46,100,145
income,84,85,330,335,352,367,374,422
agricultural,78,392
disposable,71,360
fixed,332
see also wages
income tax,263,300,322
Inconvenient Truth,An(movie),432
incorporation:
benefits of,191-94
as shared asset,430
see also corporations
indentured servants,50,128,131
India,21,49,207,235,237,335,366-70,385-99,414,423,425,431
abortion in,355
agriculture in,368,390-93
automobiles in,393
banks in,394,413,427
as BRIC,398,424
call centers in,390
castes in,388-89,395,397,398
China compared with,387-88,390-91,393,394,397-98
China’s relations with,381
consumers in,393,394-95,397
India(continued)
cottons of,87,103-4,106,140,151,386
dams in,315
democracy in,366,387,389,397
education in,379,391,392
emigrants from,210,392,424
English in,39,45,103,164,281,326,385-89,391,396
food imports of,392-93
Great Depression and,276
independence of,285,387,389,396
marriage in,69
modernization of,389-94
Muslims in,27,389,396
nationalists in,268,387
opium in,229
Point Four program in,293,329
Portuguese in,8,30
Russia compared with,385
sugar in,126
trade of,28,397
transportation in,392,393
urban renewal in,394
World Trade Organization and,367-70,398
Indian Appropriation Act(1871),196
Indian National Congress(INC),387
Indian Ocean,27,38,39,242,381
China in,8
Portuguese in,27,30,34,52
indicative path,289-90
indigo,132,151
Indochina:
French,235,268,285,286
Japanese in,285,382
Indonesia,39,355,381
industrial espionage,164-65,228
Industrial Evolution,137-38
Industrial Revolution,11,13,24,137-41,145-56,163-67
Luddites and,152,153
Industrial Workers of the World(IWW;Wobblies),219-21
industry,industrialization,4,11-14,16,23,68,69,118,212-13,418-19
Agricultural Revolution and,85-86
appearance of factories and,148-50,152-55,160
culture and,165,167
as human goal,166
inventions and,137-41,145-47,152-53,161
leviathans of,200-208
resistance to,152-54
scope of,255-59
sequence of,335
inequality,363,392,417,434
inflation,46,71,72,112,326,328,331,332
after World War Ⅰ,270
information technology(IT),348-49,357,360,382
see also computers;computers,personal;Internet
informative path,289,290-91
innovation,4,7,11-14,16,25,87-89,295,363,434
agricultural,12,13,21,52,64,73-84,116
Dutch,40,53,73-75
in England,11,12,75-78,87,92,94,115,120,137-41,145-47,199
in Germany,167,183,199,207-8,254-55
industrial,137-41,145-47,155-56,254-57
in U.S.,167,179-80,183,199,255-59,307-9,313-20
Institute for Liberty and Democracy,429
insurance companies,187,260,318,403
integrated circuit,343,347-48
Intel,330,343,344,349
intellectual property rights,368-69
interchangeability of participants,198
interchangeable parts,179
intercontinental ballistic missile system,304
interest rates,42,113,401-2,404,405,426
Dutch,100,101
usury and,98-101
internal combustion machines,167
Internal Revenue Service,300
International Association of the Congo,234
International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement,391
International Monetary Fund,292,351,356,368,384
International Rice Research Institute,391
International Telephone and Telegraph,249
International Workingmen’s Association(IWA;First International),213
Internet,345-47,349,415,423,427,435
Internet Explorer,346
Interstate Commerce Commission,263
investment,186-93,292,325,334,335,353,368
capital for,123,173,191,193,350,380-84
in Germany,173,198
in Japan,336
in U.S.,176,186,190,195-96,198,331,412
investment banking,333,403,404,405-6,408
invisible hand,91,205
iPods,342,348,349
Ireland,62,153,295,390
emigration from,62,211
iron,51,53,146,296,335,353
in Germany,169,171,173,183,185,194,201,254
in U.S.,168,182
iron curtain,303,304
irrigation,72,315,392
Irving,Washington,197
Islam,Muslims,6,27-28,36,50,135,187
in India,27,389,396
oil weapon of,326
Spain vs.,35,36-37
trade of,27,39,232
Turkey and,269
usury and,99
Israel,299,326
Italy,Italians,126,142,290,296,414
agriculture in,84
computers in,344-45
emigrants from,210
empire building of,229,236,273,285,420
fascism in,272-73,280
Great Depression in,277
guest workers from,299-300
immigrants to,423-24
industrialization in,146,165
population growth in,80
railroads in,183
socialists in,289
trade of,8,39,47,64
wars of,123,281,285
see also specific city states
ivory,232,309,425
Jackson,Andrew,189
Jamaica,37,130,137
James,Henry,Sr.,197
James Ⅰ,King of England,40,99
Jamestown,Va.,48
Japan,7,242-48,303,358,361,363,394,398,414
agriculture in,243,244,245,338
Asian financial crisis and,356
automobiles in,272,335,337,339-41
banks in,244-45,356
China’s relations with,245,246,247,282,381
Christian converts in,28
closing of,242
Cold War and,338
computers in,345,349,350
constitution of,244,246,337-38
democracy in,337-38,352
economic power of,334-42,356,369
emigrants from,210
empire building of,272,281-82,337,371
Four Little Tigers and,353,354
Great Depression and,276
industrialization in,165,244,335-38
jury system in,116-17
Meiji Restoration in,242-47,375
postwar,296,325,421
recession in,333,356,402,410
textile industry in,244,336
trade of,34,45,244
U.S. occupation of,337-38,339
in World War Ⅰ,267,272,336
in World War Ⅱ,281-83,285,304,337
Java,44,45,49,210
Jefferson,Thomas,175,176-77,190,216
Jervis,John,182
Jesus Christ,98
Jews,46,98,283,292,299
emigration of,211,218
German,173,280
trade of,12-13
Jobs,Steven,343
John Deere,393
Johnson,Lyndon,322,325,328
Johnson,Samuel,90-91,116
joint-stock trading companies,47,106,115,187
in Japan,335,341
Jones,“Mother,” 219
June Fourth Incident(1989),372,379
Jungle,The(Sinclair),217
Junkers,171,194,199,214
Justice Department,U.S.,319
just-in-time productive system,340
just-in-time restocking systems,357
Kagoshima,British bombing of,242
Kaiser,Henry,284
Kelley,Florence,217
Kennedy,John,324,325
Kenya,286
Kerala,392
kerosene,204,261,323
kerosene cans,262
Kerr,Clark,310,311
Keynes,John Maynard,277-78,279,291,331-32,333,421
Keynesian economics,277-78,279,288-89,301,331-32,333,422
Kidd,William,38
King,Gregory,82
King Goes,the Generals Remain,The(Plivier),269
Kipling,Rudyard,281
Knights of Labor,218-19
Korea,245,246,282
see also North Korea;South Korea Korean War,338,339,340,352-53
Krupp,201,265
Krupp,Alfred,201
labor,12,23,24,33
activism of,212-21;see also labor unions;specific unions
in Africa,234
agricultural,see agriculture,labor for cheap,334,360,370,390
division of,15,25,63-64,144,194,257
firing of,94-95
as guest workers,299-300,325
industrial,149,154,160,167,187,211,215,257
international standards for,360
Native Americans as,10,30,31,125
regularization of work habits of,104,105-6,123 scientific management of,258
shortage of,299
suppression of,116
surplus value of,16
see also indentured servants;slaves,slavery
labor unions,214-21,301-2,320-25,359-60,411-12
consumption and,225-26
craft,214,215,216,219
in Europe,212,272,295 in Japan,341
Taft-Hartley Act and,322-23
Wagner Act and,279,301,322
World Trade Organization and,370
Labour Party,British,215,289
Lal,Deepal,12
land,50,76,101,113-14,322
in China,376,377,397
De Soto on,429,431
in Germany,170,171
in India,392,393,396
in Japan,245,338
in U.S.,176,177,178,183,197,215,320
Landes,David,11
landlords,46,58,63,65,70,75-79
absentee,130,136,153
discrimination and,324
in England,41,57,71,76-79,81,110,111,153
in France,71-72,85
in Germany,170
in Japan,245
land reform,338,352
Lappé,Frances Moore,425,430-31
Las Casas,Bartolomé de,126
Last of the Mohicans,The(Cooper),124
Latin America,229,269,308,325,350,351,391,427
Alliance for Progress and,329
immigration to,210
labor unrest in,214
recession of 2008-2009 and,412-13
Law,John,112
law,legal system,12,60,95,416-17,420,430
canon,69,98
English,47,57,82,106,115,117,118,153,154,192,193,253
French,193 German,193
U.S.,192,193,216,218,225,253,319,333
League of Nations,269-70,273,282,291,296,304
lean production,340,356
Lee,Rev. Joseph,82,89
Lee Kua Yew,354
Leeward Islands,128
Lehman Brothers,402
Lenin,Ⅴ.Ⅰ.,258
Leopold Ⅱ,King of Belgium,233-36,261
Lepanto,battle of(1571),36-37
Lesser Antilles,128
letters of marque,37
leveraging,404,406
Levitt,William,301
Levittown,N.Y.,301
Lewis,John L.,302
LG Electronics,342,393
Liberal Democratic Party,Japanese(LDP),339
Liberal Party,British,215
Liberia,236
liberty,91,134-35,157,169,241,434
Library of Congress,268
License Raj,390
Liebig,Justus von,208
life expectancy,181-82,211,363,378,392,421,432
limited liability companies,192,193
Lincoln,Abraham,428
Lindbergh,Charles,308
liquidity preference,278
Lisbon,slaves in,66,124,127
literacy,46,76,214,215,392
Liverpool,slave trade in,129,130
livestock,60,63,65-66,71,73
Livingstone,David,230-33,240
Locke,John,19,90,109,110,157
London,38,48,69-70,144,145,163,173,213,292,395,402
as emporium,41,149
growth of,86,91-92,104,139-40
stock exchange in,188
sugar refining in,129
Long-Term Capital Management,401
Loomis,Mahlon,256
looms,150,336-37
Louisiana,112,133,176
Louisiana Purchase,197
Louis XIV,King of France,50,51,79,114
Lud,Ned,152
Luddites,152,153
Lula da Silva,Luis Inácio,415
Luxembourg,296
Maastricht Treaty(1992),297
MacArthur,Douglas,337-38
McCormick,Cyrus,209
McKinley,William,220
Madeira,62,126,127
Madison,James,435
Madoff,Bernard,413
Madrid,61,94,233
Magellan,Ferdinand,8,30,31
mail-order retailing,222
Malabar Coast,28,34
Malacca,29,34
malaria,230,231,316,391
Malay Archipelago,27,34,44
Malaysia,237,247,261,285,354,355
malls,306,324
malnutrition,83,392
Malthus,Thomas Robert,67-68,208-9,428
management,managers,262,263,320,321,323,336
in China,374
in Japan,340,341
scientific,258
separation of ownership from,249,252
managerial capitalism,251
Manchester,133,145,151
Manchuria,210,424
Japan in,281,371
Russia in,245-46
Manila,30,31,54
manufacturing,5,59,214,223,256,334,351,352,393
in China,352,382
English,97,106
food costs and,70,71
French,85,114-15
Great Depression and,275,276,278
Japanese,338,340
U.S.,210,323,334
Maoris,241
Mao Zedong,371-72,375,396-97,398
Marconi,Guglielmo,256
Marianas,29,235
market share,250,253
marriage,135,302
age at,59,69,139
Marshall,George C.,293
Marshall,James,189
Marshall,John,176
Marshall Plan,293-95,306,329
Marx,Karl,16-18,79,213,225,267,425
Marxism,77-78,213,214,225,290
Mary Ⅱ,Queen of England,111,117
Maryland,162,175
Massachusetts,348
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,310,313
mass production,262,284
of automobiles,257-58,298,337,340
of houses,301
labor unions and,302
Master Plan for Higher Education,310
matching funds,205
Matsushita,342
Maxim,Hiram,237
Maxwell,James Clerk,256
Maya,145
Mayawati,Kumari,388-89
Maybach,Wilhelm,257
meat,60,64
Meat Inspection Act(1906),217
meat-packing plants,217
medical experiments,Nazi,315-16
Mediterranean Sea,31,38,126,236,366
Meiji Restoration,242-47,375
Mendelssohn family,173
mercantilism,96-97,101,107,116
balance of trade theory and,96,103,104,106
Mercedes-Benz,298
Mercer,John,156
merchants,29,33,55,59,60,70,88,107,229,417
Arab,126
Chinese,9
Dutch,41,44,45,46,53,64,73,99
English,41,46,47,95,101,106,110,115,117,140,153
in English colonies,130
French,46,114
Indian,395,397
Italian,126
Japanese,244
Portuguese,8,13,127
prejudices against,31-32
privateers and pirates vs.,37,38
Spanish,13,97
trust and,117
U.S.,180
mergers,250,262,263
Mesta,36
Mexican-American War,189,197,243
Mexico,28,30,151,165,230,325,334,352,360,391,414
cactus leaves in,238
Great Depression and,276
microlending in,427
oil of,326
Mickey Mouse,358
microprocessors,261
microscopes,207,208
Microsoft,343-44,346,348,349,350
Middle Ages,11,21,56
middle class,44,70,88,171,244
U.S.,88,178-79,216,217,221,222,258,323,334,359
Middle East,21,49,238,268,269,413
irrigation in,72
oil in,262,326
Midway Island,239,245
Mikado,The(Gilbert and Sullivan),246
military-industrial complex,314-15
military research,311-14
Mill,John Stuart,112
Ming dynasty,8,9,49,115
mining,mines,28,62,76,100,101,140,154,230,335
labor for,10,30,133-34
pumping water from,145,146
Río Tinto,238-39
missionaries,230-33,240
Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa(Livingstone),231
Mississippi,133,151,175,176
Mississippi Bubble,112
Mississippi Company,112
Mitsubishi,342
Mitsubishi family,335-36
Mitsui family,335-36
modernization,328-29,335,350,351
in China,371,375
in India,389-94
molasses,130,133
mole plow,153
monarchy,95,117,263,417
English,15
French,50,51,114-15,129,156
Monet,Jean,296,297
monetary theory,330,332,351
money,3,17,18,31,32,70-71,92,107-14,408,417
biblical view of,98
capital vs.,6-7
Carnegie on,204
consumer culture and,223-24
definition of,110
Dutch devotion to,43
empire building and,228-30
English views on,90,91,96,97
Great Depression and,274-75,278
paper,111,112,270
postwar prosperity and,324-25
saving of,66,274,278
in U.S.,176,189-90
usury and,98-99
see also currency
Mongols,27
monopolies,63,129,356
Dutch,44,45
English granting of,40,41,51
oil,204-5,248
Montgomery Ward,222
Moody’s,407
Moore,Gordon,343,347
Moore,Michael,410
Moore,Rev. John,81-82,89
moral hazard,416
morality,7,17,25,58,89,95,133,434
community farming and,81
usury and,98,99
Morgan,Henry,37-38
Morgan,J. P.,203,220,251
Morgan Stanley,408
Morocco,126,235
Morse,Samuel,184
mortgages,301,333,382
subprime,400,401,403-10,412,414,433,435
Motorola,348,393,395
movies,256,271,307,309,358,360
in India,395
Mozambique,35,237,286
Mozilla Firefox,346
MS-DOS,343,344
mulattoes,134,135
Mumbai(formerly Bombay),39,389,395
Mun,Thomas,96-97,102
Munif,Abdelrahman,262
music,333,346,368
Mussolini,Benito,272-73,280,281
Nader,Ralph,328,404
Naoroji,Dadabhai,386-87
Napoleon I,Emperor of France,93,153,163,168-69,188,236,241,255
Napoleonic Wars,168-69,236,241,255
NASDAQ stock market,348
National Assembly,French,156
National Cash Register,323
National Institutes of Health,U.S.,361
nationalism,168-73,268,297
in Egypt,236,268
German,168-73,185,199
in India,268,387
in Italy,272
U.S.,168,196,199
Nationalist Party,Chinese,354,371,396
National Labor Relations Act(1935),301
National Park Service,U.S.,279
National Recovery Act(NRA)(1933),253,278-79,318
Native Americans,21,61,133,134,135
as labor,10,30,31,125,127
in U.S.,177,196,239
vulnerability to disease of,29,125,234
natural liberty,91,157
Natural Resources Defense Action Fund,432
nature,328
Aristotle on,142,143
Bacon on,97,142
loss of subservience to,79
Newton on,144
Navigation Laws,English,138
Nazis,208,280-81,283-85,295,298
IBM Cards and,318
science and,312-13
NEC,349
Nehru,Jawaharlal,315,396
Nehru,Pandit,390
Netherlands,the Dutch,7-10,37-46,49,52-54,168,172,254,269,296,325
agriculture in,42,53,68,71-75,84,138-39,170
art in,44,181
banks in,42,99-100,112,173
currency of,195
devotion to home in,44
as economic model,42-46,99-101
economic plateau in,52-54
as financiers,13,42,53
Great Depression in,277
independence of,35,39,41-42,45,52,73
industrialization in,53,146
as intellectual center,46,93
in New World,9,10,39,43,44,50,63,128,129
oil industry of,262
population growth in,80,84
privateers and pirates of,37,38-39,128
science in,142,144
slavery abolished by,136
slave trade of,8,10,30,66,121,128,129,131
trade of,28,31,34,35,38-39,41-44,52,53,64,74,138
wars of,44-45,52,123
wealth of,39-40,52
World War Ⅱ and,280,285
worldwide dominance and influence of,240,242,245,268
Netscape,346
networks,computer,345-46
New Basis of Civilization(Patten),226
Newcomen,Thomas,122,141,145-46
New Deal,136,278-79,290,321-22
New Jersey,250,252,327
New Netherlands,128
newspapers,174,177,280
Newton,Isaac,90,97,101,109,122,142-45,157,158
New World,9-10,27-31,54,121-33,417
discovery of,12,54
Dutch in,9,10,39,43,44,50,63,128,129
European wars and,123,124
foods of,27,28-29,54,60-64
immigration to,62
plantations of,10,31,48,50,63,64,420
New York,N.Y.,38,162,188,189,194,263,292,390,402
immigration to,210,211
railroads in,202
World Trade Towers in,364
New York(state),130,310
New York Central Railroad,186,201
New York Herald,232
New York Stock Exchange,271
New York Times,206,322
New Zealand,353
immigration to,209,210,299
Niagara Falls,256
Nicaragua,202,325
Nile River,232,315
Nissan,272,337,339-40,393,410
nitrates,238
nitrogen,for soil,73,74
Nixon,Richard,325,327,372
Nobel family,261-62
Nokia,395
North,American,160-61,174-75,196,323
North Africa,27,29,285
guest workers from,299-300
North America,7,21,29,31,54,125,420
immigration to,86,209,210,424
population growth in,79
rights in,117
North Korea,338,352
North Sea,43,52,100
Norway,211,280
Noyce,Robert,343
nuclear power,432-33
Obama,Barack,410,433
Oberth,Hermann,311,312
O’Connor,Sandra Day,323-24
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,U.S.,401
Ohio,178,204,248,401,409
oil,24,26,238,261-62,273,326-28,425
of China,381
crisis of 1973 and,326-28
Japan’s need for,282
price of,325,326,327,331,340,422,432
shortages of,368
sugar compared with,121
in U.S.,168,201,204-5,211,217-18,248-51,326
Oil Trust,248
Olds,Ransom,257,261
Oldsmobile,257,259
Olympics,365,383-84
opium trade,229
optics,255
optimism,273,401
organizational charts,249,319
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,296
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC),326-27,422
Orinoco tobacco,48
Ormuz,30,34
Other America,The(Harrington),328
Otto,Nikolaus,298
Ottoman Empire,34-37,39,49-50,172,236
World War Ⅰ and,265-69
outsourcing,95,140,334,390
Owen Falls,315
Pacific Ocean,239,242-43,366-67
World War Ⅰ and,271-72
World War Ⅱ and,282-85,316
Page,Larry,347
Paine,Thomas,19,145,157,159-60,188,229
paintings,11,44,50,181
Pakistan,285,389,392,395
Panama,Isthmus of,37
Pan American,308
panics,see depressions,economic;Great Depression
Paperclip program,313
Paris,139’ 173,188,268,293
Parliament,Belgian,233
Parliament,English,92,101,110,111,112,117,118,137,154,187,192
industrialization and,153
Naoroji in,386-87
see also House of Commons,English;House of Lords,English
Parliament,Indian,389
Parliament,Japanese,338,339
partnerships,187,191,193,215,402
Patel,Raj,425,430,431
patent licenses,341-42
Patent Office,U.S.,179
patents,61
in England,40,47,50,51,147,165
in U.S.,179,256,257,312,348
Patten,Simon Nelson,226
Patterson,John Henry,323
Pearl Harbor,Japan’s attack on,282,313
peasants,84,86,122,209,212,238
Chinese,62,371,375-76,377
French,51-52,84,85,129,156,170
penicillin,316
Pennsylvania,159,162,182,204,428
Pennsylvania,University of,313
Pennsylvania Railroad,203,249
pensions,321,382
People’s Liberation Army,371
peripherals,343,349,354
Perry,Matthew,243
Peru,28,30,34,208,230,429
Pfizer Company,316
pharmaceuticals,pharmaceutical companies,295,298,313,314,316,361,362,369
pharmacists,324
Philadelphia,Pa.,188
philanthropy,203,205,311
Philip Ⅱ,King of Spain,35
Philippines,27,30,31,37,62,245,381,391,424
Spanish-American War and,239,247
in World War Ⅱ,282,285
Phoenicians,38,238
phonographs,256,271
physics,142-45,314,419
physiocracy,114-15
Piech,Ferdinand,299
Pinckney,Eliza Lucas,151
pirates,29,37-39,128
Pizarro,Francisco,30
Planning Commission,Indian,390
plantations,10,48,50,136,420
sugar,10,31,63,64,122-23,127,129,130,230
plastics,309
Platt Brothers,336
Plivier,Theodor,269
plug-in compatibles,345
Pocahontas,48
Point Four program,293,329
Poland,62,84,172,290,384,385
emigrants from,210,211
Nazi invasion of,280
policy makers,277
politics,4,7,12,59,123
civil war and,see civil war
election campaigns and,408,409
in England,15,39,40-41,55,109,156
in France,52
in Japan,244,337-39
in Spain,35,36
TV and,308
after World War Ⅰ,272-73,280
Polo,Marco,28
Pomeranz,Kenneth,14
Ponce de León,Juan,31
Ponzi,Charles,413
Ponzi schemes,413
Pope,Alexander,122
population growth,139,165,197,315,418
agriculture and,5-6,65-70,72,79,84,255
Malthus on,67-68,208-9,255,428
of slaves,135
see also specific countries
Porsche,Ferdinand,298,299
Porsche,Ferry,299
Porsche 356,299
Portsmouth,51
Portugal,50,54,97,124-27,146,165,168,229,237,240,242,420
aristocracy of,13,29-30,47
in Brazil,30,31,49,127,135
colonial wars of,286
Dutch competition with,44-45
evangelical spirit of,28
explorations of,8,9,13,30,36,100
in food exchange,61-62
guest workers from,299-300
military superiority of,34
postwar,295
refugees from,46
slave customs of,135
slave trade of,8,10,30,66,121,124,126,127,129,135
Spain united with,31,35
Spanish rivalry with,30-31
trade of,27-31,34-36,38,39,40,44,47,52,138
World War Ⅱ and,285
railroads(continued)
in U.S.,177,182,183,185,186,188,193,196,198,199,201-4,222,321
Raleigh,Sir Walter,39
rates,100,114,194,418
rational economic actor,75
rats,61,66
RCA(Radio Corporation of America),307,319,341-42
Reagan,Ronald,332,403
reaper,209,238
recession,248,331,332,333,358,377,380,421
in 1970s,402-3
of 2008-2009,400-417
Red Army,Chinese,381
Red Army,Soviet,304
Red Cross,316
Red Guards,371,379
Red Sea,30,38,49,236
refrigeration,197
refugees,postwar,292
Rehnquist,William,324
Reliance Industries,395
religious tolerance,45,46,143,418
Renaissance,11,159
Renault,Louis,298
rent,51,70,71,430
in England,76,77-78,90
rentiers,53
reparations,269,270
reproduction,67,68,378
Republican Party,U.S.,196,333,405,411
Reuther,Walter,321
Rhine Valley,235
Rhode Island,130
Rhodes,Cecil,237
Ricardo,David,112
rice,10,62,132,175,391,392-93,431
Rickover,Hyman,327
Río Tinto,238-39
risk taking,248,405-9
River Rouge plant,258,259
robber barons,217
Roberts,Richard,156
Rockefeller,John D.,201-5,217,248,261,262
Rockefeller Foundation,205,391-92
rockets,311-12
Roger and Me(movie),410
Rolfe,John,48
Roman Empire,28,36,59,124
agriculture in,70,76
Romania,270,290,423
Roosevelt,Franklin Delano,253,278-79,280,290,291,410
Roosevelt,Theodore,217-18,246
Rostow,W. W.,328-29
Rothschild family,173,261,262
Royal African Company,129
Royal Air Force,British,280,281
Royal Navy,British,113
Royal Shell Company,262
Royal Society,British,143
rubber,234,237-38,261,282
Ruhr Valley,169,173,253
rum,130,133
Russia,363,366,369,424
Russia,imperial,146,149,165,168,172,180
emigrants from,210,211,424
Japan’s relations with,245-47
oil in,261
railroads in,183,245
serfs in,84
wars of,123,265-68
Russian Revolution(1905),247
Russian Revolution(1917),267
Saarinen,Eero,308
Sacco,Nicola,220
Samoa,235
samurai,243,244,245
San Diego State University,19
Santo Domingo,29,37,63,128
Sanyo,342
São Paulo,G20 meeting in(2008),414
São Tomé,62-63,126,127
Sarnoff,David,342
Satsuma,242
Savery,Thomas,141,145
savings,66,188,274,275,278,303,353,403
in China,380,382,394,401
savings and loan institutions(S&;Ls),333,401,404
Saxony,170
Scandinavia,195,325
scarcity,56,74,90,103,226,361,418
in traditional society,5-6,57,58,71
see also famines
Schechter brothers,278
Schott,Otto,208
Schumacher,E.F.,327
Schuman,Robert,296,297
Schumpeter,Joseph,183,263,311,422,435-36
science,scientists,21,122,207,208,241-42,255,379,418
genenomics and,362
German,contribution to U. S. technology of,311-17
higher education and,309-11
King Leopold and,233,234
paperclip,313
revolution in,141-45
World War Ⅱ and,284-85,312
see also biology;chemistry;physics scientific management,258
Scotland,Scots,52,64,91,158,203
search engines,347,383
Sears,Roebuck,222
Second World,350
Securities and Exchange Commission,403,406,413
segregation,137,216,219,299-300,321,324,388
self-determination,268,286
self-interest,5,16,22,77,94,102,327
in England,106,115
Friedman on,332,333
Great Depression and,277
self-made man,202-4
Sellers,Colonel Beriah(char.),190
semiconductors,343,349,350,354
Sen,Amartya,425,428-30
serfs,60,71,170,171
servants,59,103,116,211,320
indentured,50,128,131
Seventh Fleet,U.S.,353
Seville,37,125,127-28
sewing machine,211
sexual behavior,regulation of,263
sexual freedom,260,361
Shakespeare,William,20,46,107
Shanghai,377
sheep,shepherds,36,81,152
Sherman Antitrust Act(1890),218,263,319
Shinto,243
shipbuilding,42-43,140,180,284
ships,8,34,35,38
Dutch,42-43,52,73,100
slave,129
steamships,147,172,209,211,243
U.S.,180,284
Shockley,William,343,348
Shockley Semiconductor,348
Sichuan Province,383
Sicily,59-60,126,129
Siemens,184,201,375
Siemens,Ernst Werner von,184,201,202,206-7
Sierra Leone,132
Silent Spring(Carson),328
silicon chips,343
Silicon Valley,330,334,348,412
silk,3,30,35,38,244,417
Silliman,Benjamin,204
silver,34,35,45,48,71,131,189,190,230,415
China’s use of,54
of England,102-3
English currency crisis and,107-11
price of,195
of Spain,27,28,30,35,38,42,44,46,100
value of,107-10
Sinclair,Upton,217
Singapore,164,282,285,334-35,350,352-55,375,389
Singh,Manmohan,389-90,393,394
Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895),245
skyscrapers,257,421
slaves,slavery,10,50,63,121-37,236
abolition of,37,124,130,135,136-37,162,175,236,427-28
in England’s continental colonies,130-33
in historical perspective,10. 60. 124
slaves,slavery(continued)
industrialization and,160-61
rationalizations for,133-37
revolts of,129,130,137
in U.S.,136,160,168,175-76
in World War Ⅱ,312
slave trade,43,121-22,169,175-76,231-32,233,420
Portuguese in,8,10,30,66,121,124,126,127,129,135
profits from,130
size of,124,210
Slim Hélu,Carlos,427
Sloan,Alfred P.,Jr.,250,251,259,317,321
Small Is Beautiful(Schumacher),327
Smith,Adam,15-20,23,91,106,118,138,144,154,157-58,174,435
on economic development,212,295
on invisible hand,91,205
Smith,Roger,410
smuggling,128
social capabilities,428-29
social classes,16-17,88
in Germany,171,186,193-94,198,199,213-14
see also aristocracy;middle class;upper class;working class
Social Democrats,German,213,214
social force of labor,320-25,359
socialism,214,288-89,303,321
Socialist Party,Japanese,339
Social Security Administration,316,411
Soddy,Frederick,407
software,343,344
Somalia,425
Sony,330,342
Soto,Hernando de,61
South,American,175,196,323,388
segregation in,137
slavery in,131-33,136,162,168
textile industry and,160-61
South Africa,164,195,231,236-37
Gandhi in,396 South America,7,21,29,37,54,125,420
immigration to,86,209,424
South Asian Free Trade Alliance,399
South Carolina,131,132,151
South Korea,334-35,350,352-56,375,389,393,423
Soviet Union,267,283-87,303
atomic bomb of,304,313
buffer zone of,290
Cold War and,303-5,311,321,358
collapse of,363,375,384
command economy of,267,290,384,431
postwar,287,290,291,293,294
space program in,309
in World War Ⅱ,280,281,283-86,312
soybeans,351,367
space program,309-13
Spain,35-42,49,50,54,97,168,229,240,368,420,424,433
agriculture in,36,61,84,85
aristocracy of,13,30,35-36,46,47,97
in Asia,239,242,245
Belgium’s independence from,42,53
debt of,42,100
economic stagnation in,35-36
emigrants from,210
explorations of,8,13,30,36
famine threat and,59-60
Fascism in,293
fear of heresy in,35
in food exchange,61-62
Great Depression and,276
guest workers from,299-300
imports of,72
industrialization in,35-36,165
islands sold by,235
labor used by,30,31
Netherland’s independence from,35,39,41-42,45,52,73
in New World,9,10,27,28,30,31,37,39,100,121,125-29,135
population growth in,80
Portugal united with,31,35
Portuguese rivalry with,30-31
postwar,293,295
Río Tinto mines in,238-39
slave customs of,135
slavery abolished by,136
slave trade of,8,10,30,66,121,126,130
trade of,30,31,35-39,44,47
wars of,35,36-37,123,128,153
Spanish-American War,239,247
Spanish Main,37,128
specialization,25,175,179,194
agricultural,209
functional,252
Spencer,Herbert,68
spice trade,8,27,28,34-35,38,63,415,417
Dutch in,44,45
spinning jenny,150,152-53
spinning mule,150-51
Sputnik,309,310,311
Squibb,316
Sri Lanka,285,395
Staffordshire,148-50,152
Stages of Economic Growth,The(Rostow),329
stagflation,330,331-32,422
Stalin,Joseph,290,371
Standard &;Poor’s,407
standard of living,3,14,23,182,209,431
British,163,170
in Japan,243-44
U.S.,223
Standard Oil,201,204-5,217-18,248-49,251,262
dissolution of,263
Stanley,Henry Morton,232-34,240
State Department,U.S.,312,327,372
States-General,Dutch,44
statistics gathering,187,318
Statute of Monopolies(1624),47
steam power,4,33,123,144-48,150,152,165,167,335,418-19
switch to electricity from,256
textile making and,150-51
steamships,147,172,209,211,243
steel,254,282,296,298,334,354
in China,334,371
in Germany,167,206,253,254
in Japan,335,339
in U.S.,167,201,203,211,250,253,321,359
Stephenson,George,147
Stinnes,270
stock,191-93,248,250,324
price of,271,274
stock exchanges,112,188-89,348,413
crash of,274,275,401
Strength through Joy automobile,298
strikes,212,214,215,218,220,221,225,321,341
submarines,283,327
subsidies,362,367-70
Suez Canal,236,281,326
sugar,3,10,62-64,113,121-30,132,133,136,137,138,140,351,367,420
in Brazil,31,63,121,127,130
in Caribbean,63,64,121,125,127,130,161,230
in food preservation,60,63,130
price of,64
sulfanilamides(sulfas),316
Sullivan,Arthur,246
Sumatra,262
Sumitomo family,335-36
Summers,Lawrence,399
sunflowers,60-61
Sun Yat-sen,247
Supreme Court,U.S.,218,253,256,263,341,401,409
labor issues and,302
National Recovery Act and,278-79
surplus value of labor,16
survival of the fittest,68
Sweden,10,211,234,277
indicative path and,289-90
trade of,8,31,140
Swift,Gustavus Franklin,197
Switzerland,165,299-300,309
syndicalists,212,214
Taft-Hartley Act(1947),322-23
Tahiti,235,245
Taiwan,246,334-35,350,352-55,389,393,423
tanks,284,285,372
Tarbell,Ida,205,216-17
Target,359
tariffs,123,209,228,270,295,367,368,370
English,111,116
German,171,254
U.S.,203,254,276
Tata Motors,393
taxes,70,129,133,192,352,381
in England,40,41,90,111,113,115
in France,51,85,112-15
income,263,300,322
in Japan,244,245
in Netherlands,112
in Spain,35,36
U.S.,174,176,190,263,279,300,325
Taylor,Frederick Winslow,258
Taylorism,258
tea,3,133,140,420
team system,Japanese,338
technology,12,54-55,122,193,243,297-98,307-17,329,330,362,434
Chinese,8,9,379
in Germany and U.S.,182-85,311-17
intellectual impact of,155-56
in Japan,336,337
social impact of,307-9
World War Ⅱ and,284-85,308,313,314
see also innovation;specific kinds of technology
Telefunken,342
telegraphy,183-85,195,227,247-48,256
telephones,185,255,256
cellular,348,395,427
television,307-8,345,360,365,408
color,341-42 Telnet,345-46
tenants,57,58-59,63,65,66,75-78
discrimination and,324
in England,71,76-78,81,82,110
in France,72
terrorism,6,364
Tervuren Museum,235
Tesla,Nikola,256
tetracycline,316
Texas Instruments,354
textiles,textile industry,122,235,335,336
England’s importing of,87,103-6
industrialization of,150-53,165,175,182,198
in Japan,244,336
in United States,160-61
Thatcher,Margaret,332,403
Third World,325,329,350-51,367,423
Thirty Years’War,65,84,267
threshing machines,153
Thyssen,August,201,206
Thyssen &;Company,206,270
Tibet,381
Time,344
Times(London),233
tires,260-61
tobacco,3,10,37,49,113,132,138,140,175,420
firms and,250,251
price of,48,131
in Virginia,48,50,131
Tocqueville,Alexis de,180-81
Tokugawa regime,242
tolls,French,51
Toshiba,342,349
Township and Village Enterprise,376
Toynbee,Arnold,11
Toyoda,Kiichiro,337
Toyoda,Sakichi,336-37
Toyoda Automatic Loom Works,336-37
Toyota(car),337,410
Toyota Motor Company,337,339-41,393
trade,3,8,9,12-13,27-55,68,72,319,351
barriers to,368
changes in center of,366
downturn in,95-96,111,123,325
European domination of,34-39
free,see free trade
Great Depression and,274,276
institutions for,305-7
limits of,31-34
society and,46-49
Soviet withdrawal from,267
unintended and unexpected consequences of,49-55
see also specific countries,ethnic groups,and products
trade associations,248
traditional society,26,87-88,119,329,361,431
description of agricultural practices in,60
scarcity in,5-6,57,58
transformer,256
transistors(transfer resistors),330,342,347,348,420
transportation,355
regulation of,333
see also automobiles;railroads;ships
Treasury,U.S.,325,378,382,410
treaties,38,189,196,268,297,370
lend-lease,305
World War Ⅰ and,269,280
Treaty of Rome(1957),296
Tripoli,38
trolley cars,222
Truman,Harry,293,303,321
Truman Doctrine,303
trust,117,118
trusts,205,248,250,263
Tsiolkovsky,Konstantin,311,312
Tunisia,28,210,235
Tupi,127
Turgot,baron de,115
Turkey,38,151,269,374
guest workers from,299-300,325
Truman Doctrine and,303
see also Ottoman Empire
Twain,Mark,190,234-35
underdeveloped countries,173,325,350-51
unemployment,301,325,326,328,331
Friedman on,332
in Great Depression,273,275,278,279,283
unemployment benefits,277,301
unintended consequences,law of,158,405
United Auto Workers(UAW),321,411
United Kingdom,see England;Great Britain
United Nations,293,304-5,338,430,431
United States,174-83,192-206,209-27,234,248-63,281-87,290-354,356-64,375,377-82,387,390-95,398,399
African Americans in,see African Americans
agriculture in,164,177-78,196,209,215,238,258,291,367
army of,239,281,300,301,313,321
atomic bomb and,285,304
automobiles in,222,250,257-61,337,340,341,359,410-11,414
banks in,176,189-90,194,251-52,275,276,390,401-6,408,409,413,414
China compared with,377,378,382
Civil War in,see Civil War,U.S.
Cold War and,286,303-5,311,321,338,372
computers in,313-14,317-20,342-50
consumers in,221-27,258,306-7,366,394,401
corporations in,192-93,211,215-18,223,248-54,257-59,262,263,323,402
debt of,174,178,366
education in,300,309-11,313,322
elections in,193,196,214
empire building of,239,240,245
exploitation by,351
foreign investment in,195-96,412
Four Little Tigers and,353,354
Germany compared with,167-68,172,181,198,213,255,276
Great Depression in,275-79,290-91
immigration to,174,210-12,215,217,218,221,282,299,302,320,323,325
industrialization in,164,165,190,199,212,215,255-59,276,282,288,418
informative path in,290-91
Japan compared with,335,336,339,340-41,356
Japan’s relations with,243,245,337-38
labor struggle in,214-21,225,320-25,359-60,411-12
leviathans of industry in,200-206
in Mexican-American War,189,197,243
middle class in,88,178-79,216,217,221,222,258,323
missionaries from,234
national character of,168
natural resources of,168,182,189,197,202,204-5
navy of,282,313
New Deal in,136,278-79,290,321-22
open door policy of,247
as paradigmatic capitalist country,197
population growth in,197,210-11,378
postwar economy of,300-303
United States(continued)
private initiative in,174-82
recession of 2008-2009 in,400-415
Russia compared with,385
single mothers in,361
slavery in,136,160,168,175-76
social impact of technology in,307-9
in Spanish-American War,239,247
technology in,182-85
textile industry in,160-61
trade gap of,349
trade of,242-43,319
transportation in,172,174,176,177,179,181,182,183,185,186,196,198,199,201,202,222,250,257-61
Vietnam War and,286,311,322,325,328
Walmart in,357-60,411
waning hegemony of,367
westward movement in,177-78,196,211,239
world leadership of,293,434-35
World Trade Organization and,367-70
World War Ⅰ and,266-69,271
World War Ⅱ and,279,281-85,290,304,305,337
United States Agency for International Development,391-92
United States-Japan Mutual Security Treaty,340
Unsafe at Any Speed(Nader),328
upper class,70,116,195,221
English,92-93,116,117-18,154 German,198
see also aristocracy
urban growth,68,72,197,210
Great Depression and,273
in London,86,91-92,104,139-40
Uruguay,214
U.S. Steel,201,203
usury,98-101
Uttar Pradesh,388-89
Uzbekistan,392
vacuum,143,144
vacuum tube,330
Vaishyas,397
value,100,107-10
Vanderbilt,Cornelius,201,202,204,205,206,248
Vanderbilt family,250
Vanzetti,Bartolomeo,220
VCRs,345
Veblen,Thorstein,188
Venezuela,oil of,326
Vengeance Weapon No.2(V-2),312
Venice,Venetians,8,32,34,39,126
Venter,Craig,362
venture capitalists,venture capital,228-30,240,348,412,413,432
Versailles Peace Treaty,269,280,296
veterans,U.S.:
of War of 1812,177
of World War Ⅱ,300-303
Victoria,Queen of England,166,386
Vienna,49,194
Vietnam,354,360
Vietnam War,286,311,322,325,328
Village Phone Project,427
Virginia:
slaves in,131-32,175
tobacco in,48,50,131
Virginia Company,48,50
Vishnu,286
Volkswagen(VW;Beetle),298,299
Voltaire,144,188
wages,16,46,58,66,70,72,83,86,90,289
in China,374,377
English,122,139,140,154,165,215
increase in,97,105,106,139,140,223,225,302,322
iron law of,225
living,428
low,195,209,211,411
minimum,334
U.S.,165,182,195,203,211,215,225,258,275,302,322,323-24,334,358,359
Walmart and,358,359
Wagner Labor Act(1937),279,301,322
Wallace,Henry,391
Wallerstein,Immanuel,351
Wall Street,334,348,406,409
Wall Street(movie),422
Walmart,357-60,411
Walt Disney Company,358,359
Walton,Sam,357-59
war,23,37,362
see also specific countries and wars
War Department,U.S.,312,314
War of 1812,177
War of the Spanish Succession,126
Washington,George,177
water,72,74,392
Waterloo,169
waterpower,26,152,177,256,335
Watson,Thomas,Jr.,319
Watson,Thomas,Sr.,317,318,319,321,357
Watt,James,122,141,146-47,148,155
wealth,23-24,33,46,88,128,197-98,216,303,363,381,407,417,420-21,425,427
of Carnegie,203
in China,72,382
common vs. private,430
distribution of,35,214,291,352
Dutch,39-40,52
in England,89,91,102,118,156
of Gates,344,427
German,171
mercantilist view of,96,97,103,104
of nations,96,103,106
of Rockefeller,261
as safety net,6
from slave labor,175
socializing of,213
from sugar,130
of U.S.,276,291
World War Ⅰ and,265
Wealth of Nations,The(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations)(Smith),15-20,91,118,138,154,157-58,435
Weber,Max,17-18,164,199
Wedgwood,Josiah,148-50,152,321
Weimar Republic,269
welfare,welfare state,213-14,278,297
Wen Jiabao,381
West,369,414,418
awakening conscience of,240-42
exporting of culture of,360
rise of,11-14,68
West Germany,294,296,354
guest workers in,299-300
West Indies,195,417
imports of,130
slaves in,136
sugar in,63,130,137
trade in,3,29,39,63
Westinghouse,342
Westinghouse,George,256
Westphalia,171,209-10
wheat,57,62,64,277,367,391
in India,391-92
Wheatstone,Charles,184
Whig Party,U.S.,185
Whirlpool,393
Whitney,Eli,132-33,151,175,179
Wickham,Henry Alexander,261
Wilhelm Ⅰ,Kaiser of Germany,213
Wilhelm Ⅱ,Kaiser of Germany,269
William Ⅲ,King of England,111,117
William Ⅲ,King of the Netherlands,262
Wilson,Charlie,414
Wilson,Woodrow,268,269
Windows,350
Windward Islands,128
Wolfe,Tom,334
women,23,135,209,219,269
air travel and,308
in Asian countries,338,355,396,397,426
birth control for,360-61,428-29
as consumers,223
credit and,307
education of,310
emigration of,210,211
employment of,215,223,300,307,320,323-24,333
Muslim,6,426
World War Ⅰ and,266,271
wool,woolen industry,35,36,64,95,106,139
industrialization in,152-53
price of,81
work day,length of,213,214,215,225
workers’compensation laws,225
work ethic,416
Working Assets Long Distance,429-30
working class,209,212,320,323,352,419
consumption and,225-27
English,105,139,140
in India,390
Works Progress Administration,278
World Bank,94,292,325,329,383,384,424,425,429,430
World Economic Conference,277
World Trade(IBM branch),319
World Trade Organization(WTO),292,367-70,398,430
World War Ⅰ,208,265-74,292,296,336,421
casualties in,266,271,281,285
global reactions to,268-73
labor groups and,221
lingering grievances from,280-83
oil in,326
submarines in,283
World War Ⅱ,279-86,288,289,290,304,313,337,367,421
casualties in,267,285,286
German scientists and,312,315-16
labor unions in,302
lend-lease treaties and,305
medicine in,315-16
production achievements in,283-85
relief and recovery after,289-96
submarines in,283
technology in,284-85,308,313,314
World Wide Web,346-47,349
Wozniac,Steven,343
Wright,Orville,259,308
Wright,Wilbur,259,308
xenophobia,242,245,300
Yahoo,347,383
Yemen,49,133,361
yeomen(freeholders),57,71,76,82
Yom Kippur War,326
Yorkshire laborers,152
Young,Arthur,85
Yucatán Peninsula,238
Yugonostalgia,432
Yugoslavia,270,290,299-300,432
Yunus,Muhammad,425-28
Zambesi and Its Tributaries(Livingstone),232
Zapatero,José Luis Rodríguez,359
Zeiss,Carl,201,202,207-8
Zenith,342
Zhang Yimou,365
Zheng He,8,115
Zollverein,171,172
Zyklon B,208