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资本主义的个人选择
资本主义促进了无数新药品和新医疗手段的出现。对于女性来说,最具革命性的就是有效避孕。这意味着市场忙于创造财富的同时,也增加了人们的生活选项,成就了一次子宫的反叛。西方国家和日本的出生率急剧下滑,女性生的孩子少了,而且许多人根本没有孩子。这一事实震惊了那些自以为了解女人天性的人。许多国家的人口置换率严重不足。与此同时,20世纪70年代,许多西方国家的性自由也改变了社会对待怀孕和婚姻的态度。比如,现在法国和美国出生的一半婴儿是“非婚生子女”。单身母亲的困境真实存在,和过去没太大区别,非婚生子仍背负着耻辱,与男人相比,这种耻辱更多地落在了女人的身上。
资本主义发现的正是许多人真正想要的。过去的价值体系生长在匮乏和克制的泥土里。传统社会优先考量的是与粮食和其他商品短缺相匹配的行为以及崇高的价值观。资本主义推动了国际媒体的发展,这些媒体把《赫尔辛基人权条约》的精神带到了地球上最偏远的地方。21世纪10年代,在新几内亚石器时代的居民之中,有一名18岁女孩为了维护她选择丈夫的权利,逃到了巴布亚岛,2008年,一名10岁的也门女孩跑去法院要求离婚。
20世纪80、90年代,美国和欧洲的制药公司凭借种类繁多的新药进入了它们的全盛时期。许多公司瞄准了全球的老龄化人口;新的抗抑郁药物也获得了巨大的成功,这些人不再把忧郁症看成是无法改变的事实。除了企业实验室的研究之外,很多欧洲和美国的大学也投入了数十亿美元,寻找古老疾病的新疗法。1990年,美国国家卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)和能源部(Department of Energy)启动了人类基因组项目,这成为一次识别人类DNA的基因的国际合作。这个项目相当宏大,它决定对构成人类DNA的30亿个碱基对进行测序。项目执行原本预计需要15年,但是2003年初,这个项目就完成了,因为私人遗传学家克雷格·文特尔(Craig Venter)把它变成了一场国家之间竞相测序的角逐。虽然尚未开发利用,但是基因组把遗传学推入了一个新方向,闪现了许多的商业机会。人们开始担忧这是否会干扰自然的进程。他们还担心无私的科学会把已纪浪费了很多研究人员天赋的制药公司变成历史。世界排名前20位的制药公司里,美国公司有12家,瑞士2家,德国2家,英国、瑞典、日本和法国各1家。
资本主义证明了自己培育技术以及把新发现迅速商业化的适应性和能力。企业、大学和全国各地建立了许多令人钦佩的学习中心,其中大多数对外开放。人们对于世界如何运转的好奇心一直存在;而且计算机革命已经证明了,人才往往比财富更宝贵。自二战以来,资本主义制度促进了西方国家之间的协调发展,展现了它的影响力,但是也引起了一些不满。在世界市场上工业化国家经常强势出牌,冷漠地对待其他玩家,比如,它们对消除国内补贴的呼吁就置之不理。自1975年以来——无论公私——公平交易与暴力的减少并不完全相关。虽然战争故事挤满了我们的报纸版面和晚间新闻节目,但是与20世纪的前几十年相比,这些战场上的伤亡简直微不足道。不用说第一次世界大战的单日伤亡人数,只拿美国越战五年死亡47000人与伊拉克战争六年死亡4000多人进行对比,就能知道个大概。
再就是,资本主义和民主之间模棱两可的关系。美国一直都是资本主义和民主的声援者。17世纪晚期英国的市场经济表明,普通人能照顾自己并且作出符合自身利益的合理决定,所以这两者之间的联系实际上早已形成。随着时间的推移,一些观察结论取代了早先的假设,比如男男女女是善变的生物,出轨是因为受到情绪的支配,人们常为邪恶的想法而苦恼,等等。因为改进的人性观点,冷静的思考者接纳了一个基本观点,他们认为人民当家做主——民主——可能是一种良好的政体。内战后,美国将这些想法付诸实践。几年后,它批准了宪法秩序,大幅剥夺了多数人的特权,并且保证了全套的民事权利。1991年,苏联解体后不久,许多人认为是资本主义和民主的融合使一位俄国女人望着空空的橱柜感慨,只要橱柜没有填满,她的国家就没有民主。很明显,在她看来,多数规则意味着富足,大概因为民主和富足在美国都实现了。
自1973年,二战后协同效应的解体给日本、美国和欧洲的财政和商业稳定带来了一段时间的流动性和波动性。[54]批评家认为是结构变化系统地削弱了资本主义。他们低估了资本主义的两个持久优势:鼓励创新,以及创造新财富的能力,包括财富给不断增加的接受者带来的实际满足感。
资本主义繁荣发展过程中的憾事是世界不同国家和地区之间赤裸裸的不平等。各个国家和地区之间平均寿命、家庭购买力和儿童营养状况等小康衡量指标的差距比50年前还大。[55]一位统计学家指出,数十亿生活得到改善的人口与贫困人口的分布同样广泛。聚光灯打到哪里非常重要,如果它照亮的是美国的铁锈地带或津巴布韦的儿童死亡率,那么资本主义看上去就像个失败者。但是如果它照向了纽约、日内瓦、首尔、东京,你就会听到另一个版本的故事。
我们知道这场竞赛非常迅速,但是我们也应该清醒地意识到,用脚走的竞赛和生活之间的类比并不是完善的。大量证据表明,竞争性的国际贸易带来了社会和道德扭曲的痛苦。当竞争企业的创造性破坏来袭时,输家总是痛不欲生。我们强烈地主张保护主义,因为我们常常醒悟得太晚,没有及早意识到并不是所有改进都能提高价值。第二个千禧年的空气中弥漫着焦虑的味道,我们担心自己已经离不开的电脑不能把日期从1999年变成2000年。结果证明电脑可以改变,那么我们也可以。2001年,资本主义的象征之一——纽约的世贸大厦遭到了恐怖袭击,这更明白地告诉我们,远处等待我们的是一个未知又令人不安的未来。不过,箭头不会只指一个方向。新威胁、新机遇、新问题、新解决方案、新困惑和新的可能性都环绕在我们周围。
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