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第四章喜欢、想要和需要
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第四章喜欢、想要和需要
1. John Sides, Michael Tesler, and Lynn Vavreck, Identity Crisis: The 2016 PresidentialCampaign and the Battle for the Meaning of America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress, 2018).
2. George Stigler and Gary Becker, "De Gustibus Non Est Disputandum,^^ AmericanEconomic Review 67, no. 2 (1977): 76-90.
3. Abhyit Baneijee and Esther Duflo, Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Wayto Fight Global Poverty (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011).
4. Abhijit V Baneijee, ''Policies for a Better-Fed World," Review of World Economics 152, no. 1(2016): 3-17.
5. Abhyit Baneijee, "A Simple Model of Herd Behavior,,5 Quarterly Journal of Economics 107, no. 3 (1992): 797-817.
6. Lev Muchnik, Sinan Aral, and Sean J. Taylor, "Social Influence Bias: A RandomizedExperiment,5, Science 341, no. 6146 (2013): 647—51.
7. Drew Fudenberg and Eric Maskin, "The Folk Theorem in Repeated Games withDiscounting or with Incomplete Information,Econometrica 54, no. 3 (1986): 533-54; DilipAbreu, "On the Theory of Infinitely Repeated Games with Discounting,M Econometrica 56, no.2(1988): 383-96.
& Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
9. Robert M. Townsend, "Risk and Insurance in Village India,5, Econometrica 62, no. 3(1994): 539-91; Christopher Udry, "Risk and Insurance in a Rural Credit Market: An EmpiricalInvestigation in Northern Nigeria, Review of Economic Studies 61, no. 3 (1994): 495-526.
10. A recent very well-argued book that makes this case is Raghuram Rajan5 s The ThirdPillar. Raghuram Rajan, The Third Pillar: How Markets and the State Leave Community Behind (New York: Harper Collins, 2019).
11. Harold L. Cole, George J. Mailath, and Andrew Postlewaite, "Social Norms, SavingsBehavior, and Growth,5, Journal of Political Economy 100, no. 6 (1992): 1092-1125.
12. Constituent Assembly of India Debates (proceedings), vol. 7, November 4, 1948,https://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constitution_assembly_debates/volume/7/l948-11-04 . Therelationship between the two men has been widely written about, notably by the novelistArundhati Roy in her 2017 book, The Doctor and the Saint (which focuses more on Ambedkar)and Ramachandra Guha's recent book Gandhi (told more from Gandhi's side). The two mendid not get along. Gandhi thought Ambedkar was a hothead; Ambedkar implied the old manwas a bit of a fraud. Despite their opposition, it is with Gandhi's blessing that Ambedkar endedup drafting the constitution. Arundhati Roy, The Doctor and the Saint: Caste, War, and theAnnihilation of Caste (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2017); Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: TheYears That Changed the World, 1914-1948 (New York: Knopg 2018).
13. Viktoria Hnatkovska, Amartya Lahiri, and Sourabh Paul, "Castes and Labor Mobility,5, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 2 (2012): 274-307.
14. Karla Ho比 "Caste System,World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7929,2016.
15. Kanchan Chandra, Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Headcountsin India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Christophe Jafifrelot, India's SilentRevolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India (London: Hurst and Company,2003); Yogendra Yadav, Understanding the Second Democratic Upsurge: Trends of BahujanParticipation in Electoral Politics in the 1990s (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000).
16. Abhyit Baneijee, Amory Gethin, and Thomas Piketty, "Growing Cleavages in India?Evidence from the Changing Structure of Electorates, 1962-2014," Economic & PoliticalWeekly 54, no. 11 (2019): 33-44.
17. Abhyit Baneijee and Rohini Pande, "Parochial Politics: Ethnic Preferences andPolitician Corruption,5, CEPR Discussion Paper DP6381,2007.
]& “Black Guy Asks Nation for Change,” Onion, March 19, 200& accessed June 19, 2019,
https://politics.theonion.com/black-guy-asks-nation-fbr-change-1819569703
.
19. Eileen Patten, "Racial, Gender Wage Gaps Persist in U.S. Despite Some Progress/5
Pew Research Center, July 1,2016.
20. Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Maggie R. Jones, and Sonya R. Porter, "Race andEconomic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective,NBER WorkingPaper 24441,2018.
21. Jane Coaston, "How White Supremacist Candidates Fared in 2018," Vox, November 7,201 & accessed April 22, 2019,
https://www.vox.com/
policy-and-politics/2018/11/7/18064670/white-supremacist-candidates-2018-midterm-elections.
22. Robert P. Jones, Daniel Cox, Betsy Cooper, and Rachel Lienesch, "How AmericansView Immigrants and What They Want from Immigration Reform: Findings from the 2015American Values Atlas," Public Religion Research Institute, March 29,2016.
23. Leonardo Bursztyn, Georgy Egorov, and Stefano Fiorin, "From Extreme toMainstream: How Social Norms Unravel," NBER Working Paper 23415,2017.
24. Cited in Chris Haynes, Jennifer L. Merolla, and S. Karthik Ramakrishnan, FramingImmigi^ants: News Coverage, Public Opinion, and Policy (New York: Russell Sage Foundation,2016).
25. Ibid.
26. Anirban Mitra and Debraj Ray, "'Implications of an Economic Theory of Conflict:Hindu-Muslim Violence in India," Journal of Political Economy 122, no. 4 (2014): 719-65.
27. Daniel L. Chen, "Club Goods and Group Identity: Evidence from Islamic ResurgenceDuring the Indonesian Financial Crisis,Journal of Political Economy 11& no. 2 (2010):300-54.
2& Amanda Agan and Sonja Starr, "Ban the Box, Criminal Records, and Statistical Discrimination: A Field Experiment,Quarterly Journal of Economics 133, no. 1 (2017): 191-235.
29. Ibid.
30. Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson, ''Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual TestPerfoimance of African Americans,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, no. 5(1995): 797-811.
31. Steven J. Spencer, Claude M. Steele, and Diane M. Quinn, "Stereotype Threat andWomen's Math Performance,55 Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 35, no. 1 (1999):4 一 2&
32. Joshua Aronson, Michael J. Lustina, Catherine Good, Kelli Keough, Claude M. Steele,and Joseph Brown, "When White Men Can5 1 Do Math: Necessary and Sufficient Factors inStereotype Threat," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 35, no. 1 (1999): 29-46.
33. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson, "Pygmalion in the Classroom,5, Urban Review 3, no. 1 (1968): 16-20.
34. Dylan Glover, Amanda Pallais, and William Pariente, "'Discrimination as a Sei匸 Fulfilling Prophecy: Evidence from French Grocery Stores/5 Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, no. 3 (2017): 1219-60.
35. Ariel Ben Yishay, Maria Jones, Florence Kondylis, and Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak, "AreGender Differences in Performance Innate or Socially Mediated?,World Bank Policy ResearchWorking Paper 7689,2016.
36. Rocco Macchiavello, Andreas Menzel, Antonu Rabbani, and Christopher Woodruff''Challenges of Change: An Experiment Training Women to Manage in the BangladeshiGarment Sector,” University of Warwick Worldng Paper Series No. 256,2015.
37. Jeff Stone, Christian I. Lynch, Mike Sjomeling, and John M. Darley, ''StereotypeThreat Effects on Black and White Athletic Performance,Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology 77, no. 6 (1999): 1213-27.
3& Ibid.
39. Marco Tabellini, "Racial Heterogeneity and Local Government Finances: Evidencefrom the Great Migration,,5 Harvard Business School BGIE Unit Working Paper 19-006, 201&https://ssm.com/abstract=3220439 or http://dx.d0i.0rg/l0.2139/ssm.3220439; Conrad Miller,"When Work Moves: Job Suburbanization and Black Employment,,5 NBER Working Paper No.2472& June 201& DOI: 10.3386/w24728.
40. Ellora Derenoncourt, "Can You Move to Opportunity? Evidence from the GreatMigration,5, working paper, accessed April 22, 2019, https:// scholar.harvard.edu/files/elloraderenoncourt/files/derenoncourt_jmp_2018.pdf
41. Leonardo Bursztyn and Robert Jensen, "How Does Peer Pressure Affect EducationalInvestments?,,5 Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, no. 3 (2015): 1329-67.
42. Ernst Fehr, "Degustibus Est Disputandum,^^ Emerging Science of PreferenceFormation, inaugural talk, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, October 7,2015.
43. Alain Cohn, Ernst Fehr, and Michel Andre Marechai, "Business Culture andDishonesty in the Banking Industry,Nature 516 (2014): 86-89.
44. For an overview of their work, see Roland Benabou and Jean Tirole, "MindfulEconomics: The Production, Consumption, and Value of Beliefs,Journal of EconomicPerspectives 30, no. 3 (2016): 141-64.
45. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 1997).
46. J. D. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis (New York:Harper, 2016).
47. DanAriely, George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec, "'Coherent Arbitrariness': StableDemand Curves without Stable Preferences^ Quarterly Journal of Economics ]] & no. 1 (2003):73-106.
4& Daniel Kahneman, Jack L. Knetsch, and Richard H. Thaler, "Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem,,5 Journal of Political Economy 9& no. 6 (1990):1325-4&
49. DanAriely, George Loewenstein, and Drazen Prelec, '''Coherent Arbitrariness5 : StableDemand Curves without Stable Preferences,5, Quarterly Journal of Economics ]] & no. 1 (2003):73-106.
50. Muzafer Sherif, The Robber's Cave Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation, (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1998).
51. Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1997).
52. Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton, ''Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantiveand Methodological Analysis,in Freedom and Control in Modem Society, eds. Morroe Berger,Theodore Abel, and Charles H. Page (New York: Van Nostrand, 1954).
53. Matthew Jackson, "An Overview of Social Networks and Economic Applications,n Handbook of Social Economics, 2010, accessed January 5, 2019,
https://web.stanford
.edu/~jacksonm/socialnetecon-chapter.pdf
54. Kristen Bialik, "Key Facts about Race and Marriage, 50 Years after Loving v.Virginia,Pew Research Center, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org /fact-tank/2017/06/12/key-facts-about-race-and-marriage-50-years-after-loving-v-virginia/.
55. Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Maitreesh Ghatak, and Jeanne Lafbrtune, “Marryfor What? Caste and Mate Selection in Modern India," American Economic Journal:Microeconomics 5, no. 2 (2013), https://d0i.0rg/l0.1257/mic.5.2.33.
56. Cass R. Sunstein, Republic.com. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001);Cass R. Sunstein, ^Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media (Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press, 2017).
57. "Little Consensus on Global Warming: Partisanship Drives Opinion,5, Pew ResearchCenter, 2006, http://www.people-press.org/2006/07/12/ little-consensus-on-global-warming/.
5& R. Cass Sunstein, "On Mandatory Labeling, with Special Reference to Genetically Modified Foods,n University of Pennsylvania Law Review 165, no. 5 (2017): 1043-95.
59. Matthew Gentzkow, Jesse M. Shapiro, and Matt Taddy, ''Measuring Polarization inHigh-Dimensional Data: Method and Application to Congressional Speech,5, working paper,2016.
60. Yuriy Gorodnickenko, Tho Pham, and Oleksandr Talavera, "Social Media, Sentimentand Public Opinions: Evidence from #Brexit and #US Election,National Bureau of EconomicsResearch Working Paper 24631,2018.
61. Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and ⑪ htach Lelkes, "Affect, Not Ideology: A SocialIdentity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly, 2012, http://d0i.0rg/l 0.1093/poq/n©03 &
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63. Maeve Duggan, Nicole B. Ellison, Cliff Lampe, Amanda Lenhart, and MaryMadden,"Social Media Update 2014," Pew Research Center, 2015, http://www.pewintemet .org/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/.
64. Johan Ugander, Brian Karrer, Lars Backstrom, and Cameron Marlow, "The Anatomyof the Facebook Social Graph," Cornell University, 2011, https://arxiv.0rg/abs/l 111.4503v 1.
65. Yosh Halberstam and Brian Knight "Homophily, Group Size, and the Diffusion ofPolitical Information in Social Networks: Evidence from Twitter," Journal of Public Economics, 143 (November 2016), 73-8& https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.08.011.
66. David Brock, The Republican Noise Machine (New York: Crown, 2004).
67. David Yanagizawa-Drott, ''Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the RwandanGenocide,,5 Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 4 (2014),
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6& Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse Shapiro, ''Ideological Segregation Online and Offline," Quarterly Journal of Economics 126, no. 4 (2011),
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69. Levi Boxell, Matthew Gentzkow, and Jesse Shapiro, "Greater Internet Use Is NotAssociated with Faster Growth in Political Polarization among US Demographic Groups/5 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.l 706588114.
70. Gregory J. Martin and Ali Yurukoglu, "Bias in Cable News: Persuasion andPolarization,55 American Economic Review 107, no. 9 (2017), http:// doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160812.
71. Ibid.
72. Matthew Gentzkow, Jesse M. Shapiro, and Matt Taddy, "Measuring Polarization inHigh-Dimensional Data: Method and Application to Congressional Speech," working paper,2016.
73. Julia Cage, Nicolas Herve, and Marie-Luce Viaud, "The Production of Information inan Online World: Is Copy Right?," Net Institute working paper, 2017, http://dx.d0i.0rg/l 0.2139/ssm.2672050.
74. "2015 Census,,5 American Society of News Editors, https://www.asne .org/diversity-survey-2015.
75. "Sociocultural Dimensions of Immigrant Integration,** in The Integration ofImmigrants into American Society, eds. Mary C. Waters and Marissa Gerstein Pineau(Washington, DC: National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine, 2015).
76. Hunt Allcott and Matthew Gentzkow, "Social Media and Fake News in the 2016Election,,5 Journal of Economic Perspectives 31, no. 2 (2017), http:// doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211.
77. Donghee Jo, "Better the Devil You Know: An Online Field Experiment on NewsConsumption,"Northeastern University working paper, accessed June 20, 2019, https://www .dongheejo.com/.
7& Gordon Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954).
79. Elizabeth Levy Paluck, Seth Green, and Donald P. Green, "The Contact HypothesisRe-evaluated,” Behavioral Public Policy (2017): 1-30.
80. Johanne Boisjoly, Greg J. Duncan, Michael Kremer, Dan M. Levy, and Jacque Eccles,"Empathy or Antipathy? The Impact of Diversity," American Economic Review 96, no. 5 (2006):1890-1905.
81. Gautam Rao, "Familiarity Does Not Breed Contempt: Generosity, Discrimination, and
Diversity in Delhi Schools,American Economic Review 109, no. 3 (2019): 774-809.