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注释
[26] 参阅P.Watzlawick,J.H.Weakland和R.Fisch合著的Change: Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution(New York: Norton Books,1974),该书对“问题”给出了类似的定义。
[27]这种分歧(bifurcation)的作用类似于I.Prigoginc和I.Stengers在他们有关生物系统中二阶变化的描述。他们注意到,小的变化随着时间的推移会导致产生分歧,从而在系统中产生质的变化。参阅Order Out of Chao: Man's New Dialogue with Nature(New York, Bantam Books,1984)。
[28]参阅Chester Barnard的许多著作,如Organization and Management:Selected Papers(Cambridge,MA: HBS Press,1956),Elementary Conditions of Business Morals(Berkeley Committee on Weinstein Lectures: UCB Press,1958),The Functions of the Executive(Cambridge,MA: HBS Press,1968),Philosophy for Managers.Selected Papers(Tokyo:>Bushido Press,1986)。
[29]在M.Kossman和S.Bullrich题为“Systematic Chaos: Self-Organizing Systems and the Process of Change,” in F.Masterpasqua and P.Perna,eds.,The Psychological Meaning of Chaos: Translating Theory into Practice(Washington,DC: APA,1997)的文章和著作中,他们指出,通过引入更多的模糊性,变化会增加系统中的熵。